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  3. [A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, becam

[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, becam

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问题    [A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
   [B]His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a "general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, "the great books are read because they have been read"—they form a sort of social glue.
   [C]Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
   [D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
   [E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable." So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
   [F]The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced." Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize." Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic." Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say.
    [G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
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答案D
解析 文章的主题是关于“humanities”。上一段提出大学人文学科正走向没落，所以下面就紧接 着应该解释出现这种现象的原因，联系下文的E项首句指出，这种学科的分离除了使专业更加专 业化之外，也使教授更加专业化。D项涉及专业化，其末句提到“法学专业等专业学生必须修学非 专业的人文学位课程”正是E项首句所指代的内容，因此D项与前后语段衔接更为紧密。此外，D 项中首句出现的“separate”一词，与E项中“this separation”正好构成关联，故本题应选D项。
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