首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often c
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often c
admin
2015-07-27
33
问题
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often credited with showing that humans make "irrational" choices. That term is too strong, he says, to describe the variety of mental mishaps to which people systematically fall prey. Readers of his book may disagree. Mr. Kahneman, an Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel economics laureate, has delivered a full catalogue of the biases, shortcuts and cognitive illusions to which our species regularly succumbs. In doing so he makes it plain that Homo economicus — the rational model of human behaviour beloved of economists — is as fantastical as a unicorn.
In one experiment described by Mr. Kahneman, participants asked to imagine that they have been given £50 behave differently depending on whether they are then told they can "keep" £20 or must "lose" £30 — though the outcomes are identical. He also shows that it is more threatening to say that a disease kills "1,286 in every 10,000 people", than to say it kills "24.14% of the population", even though the second mention is twice as deadly. Vivid language often overrides basic arithmetic.
Some findings are downright peculiar. Experimental subjects who have been "primed" to think of money, perhaps by seeing a picture of dollar bills, will act more selfishly. So if someone nearby drops some pencils, these subjects will pick up fewer than their non-primed counterparts. Even obliquely suggesting the concept of old age will inspire people to walk more slowly — though feeling elderly never crossed their mind, they will later report.
After all this the human brain looks less like a model of rationality and more like a giddy teenager: flighty, easily distracted and lacking in self-awareness. Yet this book is not a counsel of despair. Its awkward title refers to Mr. Kahneman’s two-tier model of cognition: "System 1" is quick, intuitive and responsible for the quirks and mistakes described above (and many others). "System 2", by contrast, i$ slow, deliberative and less prone to error. System 2 kicks in when we are faced with particularly complex problems, but much of the time it is all too happy to let the impulsive System 1 get its way.
What, then, is System 1 good for? Rather a lot, it turns out. In a world that often demands swift judgment and rapid decision-making (fight or flight?), a creature who solely relied on deliberative thinking wouldn’t last long. Moreover, System 1 generally works well. As Mr. Kahneman says, "most of our judgments and actions are appropriate most of the time". He urges readers to counteract what he considers to be mistakes of System 1 thinking, such as the "loss aversion" that deters people from accepting favourable gambles (such as a 50-50 chance to win $200 or lose $100). He also recommends checking the performance of an investment portfolio no more than once a quarter, to limit needless anguish over short-term fluctuations and the "useless churning" of shares.
Mr. Kahneman does not dwell on the possible evolutionary origins of our cognitive biases, nor does he devote much time to considering why some people seem naturally better at avoiding error than others. Still this book, his first for a non-specialist audience, is a profound one. As Copernicus removed the Earth from the centre of the universe and Darwin knocked humans off their biological perch, Mr. Kahneman has shown that we are not the paragons of reason we assume ourselves to be. Often hailed as the father of behavioural economics (with Tversky as co-parent), his work has influenced a range of disciplines and has even inspired some policy. But the true consequences of his findings are only starting to emerge. When he presents the poor victims of his experiments with conclusive proof of their errors, the typical reaction is not a chastened pledge to shape up, but confused silence, followed by business as usual. No one likes to be told he is wrong.
It is stated in the first paragraph that Daniel Kahneman
选项
A、often makes irrational choices out of biases, shortcuts and illusions.
B、laments the death of his collaborator.
C、is very critical of the irrational mistakes people make.
D、believes perfectly rational human beings are non-existent.
答案
D
解析
事实细节题。卡尼曼在他的书中阐述了人类经常会因为偏见、思维捷径以及认知幻觉等做出非理智的行为,但不能说他本身是这样的人,排除[A];[B]断章取义,卡尼曼感叹的是人们常常认为他本人与其合作者向人们展现了“非理性”选择行为,而不是感慨合作者的去世;根据第一段第二句,卡尼曼认为用“不理智”一词过于严重,而且从下文第四、五两段,我们可以看出卡尼曼本人对人们的不理智行为是理解的,所以[C]错误;本段最后一句说“这让理性人——经济学家偏爱的人类行为理性模型——变的像独角兽一样虚幻”,换言之,完美的理性人是不存在的,故[D]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/RVYYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Accordingtolegend,theancientOlympicGameswerefoundedbyHeracles,asonofZeus.YetthefirstOlympicGamesforwhich
Accordingtothecomprehensiveinputtheory,"i+1"refersto
AccordingtotheSpeechActTheory,whenaspeakeruttersasentencetomakeastatementortomakeanoffer,heisperformingt
TheNewDealwasadvancedbyPresident
WhichofthefollowingpartiesrepresentsthemostinterestsofQuebec?
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanygreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthequestion,itwi
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicestookplaceineighteenth-centur
Wheredopesticidesfitintothepictureofenvironmentaldisease?Wehaveseenthattheynowpollutesoil,waterandfood,that
A、Shethinksthatherchildrencanlearnmorethingsfromher.B、Shehatesschoolandthushasahadfeelingtowardsschool.C、H
It’sdisturbingtopictureyourkindergartnerinacasino,butmaybeyououghttotry.Americankidsarebornintoaculturetha
随机试题
奥美拉唑不能用于
设charc[5]={’a’,’b’,’\0’,’C’,’\0’);则printf("%s",c);的输出是()
湿热伤中型泄泻,其治疗应首选的方剂是
腭裂手术法中不包括A.蓝氏法B.双瓣后推法C.单瓣法D.岛状瓣法E.Abbe瓣法
秦某存在的最主要护理问题是( )。对秦某第1周的护理措施正确的是( )。
2016年S市口岸通关情况为:4月份口岸出入境车辆131.2万辆次,机场空港口岸出入境旅客24万人次;1~4月,S市口岸累计出入境车辆495万辆次,机场空港口岸出入境旅客累计90.2万人次。2016年一季度,经S市口岸出入境总人次较上一季度约(
一个测验能测出它所要测量的属性和特点的程度,叫做测验的()。
甲趁在路上行走的妇女乙不注意之际,将乙价值12000元的项链一把抓走,然后逃跑。跑了50米之后,甲以为乙的项链根本不值钱,就转身回来,跑到乙跟前,打了乙两耳光,并说“出来混,也不知道戴条好项链”,然后将项链扔给乙。对甲的行为,应当如何定性?(
唯物辩证法认为,整体和部分的关系是
某二叉树中度为2的结点有18个,则该二叉树中有______个叶子结点。
最新回复
(
0
)