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  3. A. The consequence of losing bones B. A better lab than on earth C. Two different cases D. Multiple effects form wei

A. The consequence of losing bones B. A better lab than on earth C. Two different cases D. Multiple effects form wei

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问题     A. The consequence of losing bones
    B. A better lab than on earth
    C. Two different cases
    D. Multiple effects form weightlessness
    E. How to overcome weightlessness
    F. Factors that are not so sure
    During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of he liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: "You feel our guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back."
    41.______
    Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn’t present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments.
    Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines.
    42.______
    Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones.     43.______
    These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery.
    44.______
    Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow.
    45.______
    Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep (light levels and work schedules disrupt the body’s normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep (an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates.
    For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness—perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work remains to be done.
选项
答案D
解析 失重造成的多重影响。文章第7段的大意是：在太空飞行中，并非所有对人体产生影响的因素只与失重有关。例如，人体的免疫功能的下降、睡眠时间和质量的下降 (光照及无序的工作时间表会打乱人体的正常节奏)。睡觉前，透过太空船窗户向外看一眼(考虑到窗外的景致，这种举动一般难以抑制)会使足够多的亮光进入你的眼睛，引起大脑的错误反应，从而导致睡眠质量的下降。随着滞留太空时间的增加，缺觉会变得越来越厉害。根据这一段的内容，与小标题D正好相符，所以正确答案为D。
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