首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Family Sociology A)The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. The nuclear
Family Sociology A)The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. The nuclear
admin
2015-07-31
29
问题
Family Sociology
A)The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. The nuclear family—two adults and their children—is the main family unit in most Western societies. In others, especially in Asian societies, it is a subordinate part of an extended family unit, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third type of a family unit, which is becoming more prevalent, is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or father.
B)Anthropologists(人类学家)and social scientists have developed several theories about how family structures and functions evolved. One theory is that, in prehistoric hunting and gathering societies, two or three nuclear families, usually linked through bonds of kinship, banded together for part of the year but dispersed into separate nuclear units in those seasons when food was scarce. The family unit began primarily as an economic unit; men hunted, while women gathered and prepared food and tended children. Infanticide(杀婴)and expulsion(逐出)infirm who could not work were common. Later, with the advent of Christianity, marriage and childbearing became central concerns in religious teaching. However, after the Reformation, which began in the 1500s, the purely religious nature of the family ties was partly abandoned in favor of civil bonds. Today, most Western countries now recognize the family relationship as primarily a civil matter rather than a religious one.
C)Historical studies have indicated that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. As far as is known, the nuclear family was the most prevalent pre-industrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization in most modern industrial societies. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, primarily in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives. Many of the functions that were once performed by or within the traditional family unit are now performed by or within community institutions, e.g., economic production work, education, and recreation. In the modern family, members now work in different occupations and in location away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. Organized recreational activities often take place outside the home. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children. Even in this capacity, however, the influence of peers and of the mass media has assumed a larger role.
D)Family composition in industrial societies has also changed dramatically. The average number of children born to a woman in the United States, for example, fell from 7. 0 to 2. 0 by the early 1990s. Consequently, the number of years separating the births of the youngest and oldest children has declined. This has occurred in conjunction(联合)with increased longevity. In early times, marriage normally dissolved through the death of a spouse before the youngest child left home. Today husbands and wives potentially have about as many years together after the children leave home as before.
E)During the 20th century, extended family households declined in prevalence. This change is associated particularly with increased residential mobility and with diminished financial responsibility of children for aging parents, as pensions from jobs and government-sponsored benefits for retired people became more common.
F)By the 1970s, the typical nuclear family had yielded somewhat to modified structures including the one-parent family, the step-family, and the childless family. One-parent families in the past were usually the result of the death of a spouse. Now, however, most one-parent families are the result of divorce, although some are created when unmarried mothers bear children. In 1991, more than one out of four children lived with only one parent, usually the mother. Most one-parent families, however, eventually became two-parent families through remarriage. Between 1971 and 1991 the proportion of lone-parent households with dependent children doubled, from 3 to 6 percent. The proportion remained at around this level in 2002. At the end of the 20th century, a total of around 3 million children—nearly a quarter of children-lived in a single-parent family. Almost one in five dependent children live in lone-mother families, while lone-father families accounted for around 2 percent of all families with dependent children in 2000.
G)A step-family is created by a new marriage of a single parent. It may consist of a parent and children and a childless spouse, a parent and children and a spouse whose children live elsewhere, or two joined one-parent families. In a step-family, problems in relations between non-biological parents and children may generate tension; the difficulties can be especially great in the marriage of single parents when the children of both parents live with them as siblings(兄弟姐妹). In 2001 step-families accounted for 8 percent of the total number of families with dependent children in the United Kingdom. Eighty-eight percent of these step-families consisted of a couple with one or more children from the previous relationship of the female partner only.
H)Childless families may be increasingly the result of deliberate choice and the availability of birth control. For many years, the proportion of couples that were childless declined steadily as venereal(性病的)and other diseases that cause infertility were conquered. In the 1970s, however, the changes in the status of women reversed this trend. Couples often elect to have no children or to postpone having them until their careers are well established.
I)Since the 1960s, several variations on the family unit have emerged. More unmarried couples are living together, before or instead of marrying. Some elderly couples, most often widowed, are finding it more economically practical to cohabit without marrying.
J)All industrial nations are experiencing family trends similar to those found in the West. The problem of unmarried mothers—especially very young ones and those who are unable to support themselves—and their children is an international one, although improved methods of birth control and legalized abortion have slowed the trend somewhat. Divorce is increasing even where religious and legal impediments(阻碍)to it are strongest. Unchecked population growth in developing nations threatens the family system. The number of surviving children in a family has rapidly increased as infectious diseases, famine, and other causes of child mortality have been reduced. Because families often cannot support so many children, the reduction in infant mortality has posed a challenge to the nuclear family and to the resources of developing nations.
Presently, most Western countries perceive the family relationship as a civil matter more than a religious one.
选项
答案
B
解析
同义转述题。定位句阐述了如今大多数西方国家将家庭关系主要看作是一种民事关系而非宗教关系。题干中的perceive对应原文中的recognize,故选B)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/O93FFFFM
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Newresearchshowsgirlswhoregularlyhavefamilymealsaremuchless【C1】______toadoptallkindsofextremeweightcontrol【C2】
HaitiDreamsofTourismRevivalA)LikemanyofitsCaribbeanneighbors,Haitioncedrewmanytourists.Butdecadesofpolitical
Fatterpeoplearemorelikelytolosetheirmemoriesandbrainpowerquickerthanthosewhoarethinner,accordingtoBritishre
Pocketelectronicdictionaries,popularwithstudents,areraisingconcernamonglocaleducators.Used【B1】______bystudentsstu
A、Theyshouldgotoseetheman’sfather.B、AguynamedTomwillgotoanewplace.C、Thewomanmightgowiththemantoseehis
A、Thedoctorisnotavailableuntillatethenextmorning.B、IfthemanwantsthebestdoctorheshouldtryDr.Noon.C、Ifthem
A、Shewasaprofessionalteacher.B、Shewasalsoablindperson.C、Sheknewhowtoteachtheblind.D、Shedidnotlookdownupon
A、Heisnotsurewhetherhehastimetowriteforthenewsletter.B、Hewouldratherwriteforanewspaperthanthecampusnewsle
Ifyouareayoungcollegestudent,mostofyourconcernsaboutyourhealthandhappinessinlifeareprobably【B1】______onthe
随机试题
A.胰岛素B.高血糖素C.胰多肽D.生长抑素胰岛B细胞分泌
下列激素不是下丘脑分泌的激素是
传染病流行过程的基本条件
在压力容器受压元件的内部,常常存在着不易发现的缺陷,需要采用无损检测的方法进行探查。射线检测和超声波检测是两种常用于检测材料内部缺陷的无损检测方法。下列关于这两种无损检测方法特点的说法中,错误的是()。
下列不属于城市总体规划中供热工程规划内容的是()
下列关于消费金融公司说法正确的是()。
2016年4月4日,甲公司从乙银行借款80万元,用于购置A型号自行车1000辆,借款期限自2016年4月4日至2016年6月4日,并以价值90万元的自有房屋一套为乙银行设定抵押,同时,乙银行与丙公司签订书面保证合同,约定丙公司为甲公司的借款承担连带保证责
一个心理健康的人,必须保持自尊。一个人只有受到自己所尊敬的人的尊敬,才能保持自尊;而一个用“追星”方式来表达自己尊敬情感的人,不可能受到自己所尊敬的人的尊敬。以下哪项结论可以从题干的断定中推出?
二阶矩阵A有两个不同特征值,α1,α2是A的线性无关的特征向量,且A2(α1+α2)=α1+α2,则|A|=_______.
Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementinbothspeakingandwriting,followedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.
最新回复
(
0
)