首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2012-03-23
34
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible: before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
Which is NOT considered as an element in etiquette?
选项
A、ethics.
B、pragmatism.
C、efficiency.
D、eleganc
答案
C
解析
这是一道具体提问题,第二段第一句话中概括了礼节的三个组成要素,basic moral duties,practical rules,artificial, optional graces.答案中的A、B、D与上面三个次分别为近义词,只有C的意思是用来修饰practical rules,不属于同一层次概念。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/O5jYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysical
CharlesDickens,author,editorandsocialreformerisknownforthevividpicturehepaintedoflifeinEnglandintheearly19
Anyonewhoopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney,repaymentofwhichhe【M1】______mayd
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
AreFamiliesNecessary?Ashumanchildrenareunusually【1】foranunusuallylongtime,it’sobviousthateverysocietymustp
"Therearetoomanystudentsovercrowdingcoursesandcontributingnothingtosociety,"saysProfessorEdwardMishan,explaining
Innormalreading,______inthephrasethirteengirlsandthirtyboysshouldbestressed.
A、acrossthewholecountryB、acrosstheprovinceofQinghaiC、acrossthewholenorthwestofthecountryD、acrossthewholewest
随机试题
成熟
受新冠肺炎疫情影响,残疾人小青所在的服会工装厂关闭了,小青收入减少,生活发生困难。社会工作者小方在定期入户探访中了解到小青的情况,在评估小青的生活状况、家庭关系和社会支持后,制订了服务计划,拟通过加强小青与亲朋好友和邻里的连结,强化邻里互助在特殊时期的作用
患者男性,30岁,消瘦、乏力、怕热,手颤2个月,着凉后出现高热,恶心,呕吐,躁动,神志恍惚,大汗淋漓。体温39.5℃,心率160/min。确定诊:断最有意义的检查
“国学”这个概念是从日本输入的。19世纪末,刘师培、章太炎、梁启超等接受了日本的“国学”概念,并将其引入中国。当时引进这样一个概念,是为了和西方学问相区别,是被逼出来的。古人从不称自己的学问为“国学”,而直称其为儒学、道学、理学、心学、佛学、玄学、子学等。
从装满140克浓度为85%的盐水杯中倒出60克盐水后,再倒入清水将水杯装满并使之混合均匀。这样反复两次后,杯中盐水的浓度为:
设总体X的概率密度为p(x,λ)=其中A>0为未知参数,a>0是已知常数,试根据来自总体X的简单随机样本X1,X2,…,X,求λ的最大似然估计量
有如下程序main(){intx=3;do{printf("%d",x--);}while(!x);}该程序的执行结果是______。
investigate,quantity,discount,negligence,replements,discrepancy,packinglist,unsaleable,inferior,penaltyclause,upto
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.【C1】______inthe1900smostA
Ouruniversitylibraryislocatedinthe(11)ofourcampus.Itlookslikeamatchpacket,equippedwithsuperbhardware.Ith
最新回复
(
0
)