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  3. In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer--government or private- should have little or no impact on the

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer--government or private- should have little or no impact on the

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问题     In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer--government or private- should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings fi~om private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
   In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design was controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanation of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
   One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
   Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better work for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
According to Brown’s study, women’s earning categories occur in orders, from the highest earnings to the lowest earnings.
选项 A、government employment, self-employment, private employment
B、government employment, private employment, self-employment
C、private employment, self-employment, government employment
D、private employment, government employment, self-employment
答案B
解析 根据文章第二段最后两句“Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers．For men，self-employment is the highest earnings category,with privae employment next，and government lowest．For women，this order is reversed．” 可知，布朗的研究结果表明，雇主和消费者对男性和女性的待遇是不同的。对于男性来说，个 体户的收入最高，其次私人雇员，再次政府雇员。对于女性来说，顺序恰好相反。所以，女性 的收入从高到低的顺利为政府雇员、私人雇员、个体户。据此判断，答案是B。
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