首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
医学
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2021-11-29
41
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought". But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason."
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires________.
选项
A、strict inspection
B、shared efforts
C、individual wisdom
D、persistent innovation
答案
B
解析
推理题。第二段第二句中提到“But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to…”,其中it指的是科学发现获得公众可信度的过程。接下来的第四句话具体讲到了这个过程: “…through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere.anytime.”,即要经历从个人到集体的过程,需要大家共同的努力,故答案为B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/MvSDFFFM
本试题收录于:
医学博士外语题库考研分类
0
医学博士外语
考研
相关试题推荐
女性,80岁。慢性咳嗽咳痰20余年,冬季加重。近5年活动后气促。1周前感冒后痰多,气促加剧。近2天嗜睡。血白细胞18.6×109/L,中性粒细胞占90%,动脉血气:pH7.29,PaCO280mmHg,PaO247mmHg,BE-3.5mmol/L。最
Justbeforedawnwereceivedacallthatanunresponsiveinfantwasbeingbroughtbyemergencymedicalservicestoourhospital.
A、ThePresidentsignedtheletterB、ThePresidentheldthesoldier’shandtightlyC、Theyoungmanwentpeacefullythroughtohi
A、HeartattacksB、StrokesC、DrugaddictionD、CerebralhaemorrhageD录音讲到很多医生都在使用一种叫作streptokinase的药,这种药剂有时会带来一些问题,甚至会引起bleedingi
Folkwisdomholdsthattheblindcanhearbetterthanpeoplewithsight.Scientistshaveanewreasontobelieveit.Researc
Inasocietywhereallaspectsofourlivesaredictatedbyscientificadvancesintechnology,scienceistheessenceofourexi
Everyday,overamillionpeoplelogontodifferentInternet-basedgames.Thereistrulysomethingforeveryoneinthegamingwo
TheChinesepeopleholdtheirancestorsingreatveneration.
A、Hehasaterriblebackache.B、Hehasabadheadache.C、Hehasatoothache.D、Hehasadiarrhea.A从对话场景不难判断出本题是与看医生有关。男士最后一句说“M
Shortlyaftershewasgiventheinjection,hercomplexiontookoncolorandherlimbsbecamewarm.
随机试题
以下不可以设定行政强制措施的法律规范是()。
对高、中、低层管理人员的技能要求是有所区别的,按三种技能在其技能组成中的比重从大到小排列,对低层管理人员的技能要求应该是()
A.苯巴比妥B.苯妥英钠C.二者均是D.二者均否
休克诊断比较困难的是
不属于卵巢功能减退的症状是
招标人应当按照()规定的时间、地点发售资格预审文件或者招标文件。
实施素质教育的主渠道是()。
材料一北京时间2008年9月25日晚9时10分许,中国自行研制的第三艘载人飞船神舟七号,在酒泉卫星发射中心载人航天发射场由“长征二号F”运载火箭发射升空。9月27日16时43分,中国“神七”载人飞船航天员翟志刚顺利出舱,实施中国首次空间出舱活动。翟志刚身
某地随着政策优势迎来了新一轮的开发建设热潮,但因重点工程建设引发的各类刑事犯罪、治安案件、社会不稳定因素也随之增多。重点工程建设中,个别地方“路霸”“行霸”强行插手工程项目、强买强卖、敲诈勒索、阻碍重点工程进场施工。在一处道路工程中,某县村民自建的饮水管道
DMA方式的特点是(10)。
最新回复
(
0
)