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  3. From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

admin2020-11-04  73
问题    From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put our trust in those we do not know. Now researchers have revealed that strangers are more likely to be trusted if they look like someone who has earned your trust before—and more likely to be distrusted if they resemble someone who has betrayed your faith in them.
   While previous research has shown how people can learn whether others are trustworthy over time, the team say it was unclear how an initial judgment is made about whether to trust or cooperate with someone. "What we wanted to figure out was what happens when you come across somebody for the first time," said Dr. Oriel FeldmanHall, co-author of the research and a social neuroscientist from Brown University.
   A team of researchers in the US reveal how they asked 29 participants to either keep $10 or invest all— or part—of it with one of three men they did not know but whose photographs they were shown. The team then carried out a second experiment in which participants were asked to pick a partner for a new game: either a player whose face they couldn’t see, or a player whose face they were shown in a photograph.
   The results reveal that the more a possible player looked like the trusted individual from the previous game, the more likely participants were to select them as their partner for the next task, while an even stronger negative effect was found for those who resembled the untrustworthy man in the initial game. Just over 68% of participants turned down the pictured player if he bore any resemblance to the untrustworthy man.
   FeldmanHall noted the findings are similar to the seminal (开创性的) experiments in which Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of a certain bell with food. "If Pavlov would ring a similar type of bell, the dog would also salivate—it would just salivate a little bit less," said FeldmanHall.
   The team then carried out the same experiments with 28 new participants, while fMRI brain scanning took place. Among their findings, the team discovered that as the image of the potential candidate was tweaked to look more like the untrustworthy player of the initial game, activity in the amygdala (杏仁体) — an area of the brain linked to processing threat—became stronger.
   Antonio Espin, a behavioural economist from Middlesex University, London, said the study’s implications could be wide-ranging. "Interestingly, since the main reason for facial similarity is shared genes, the study not only advances our understanding of why we trust or distrust specific strangers but also has broader implications, for example, for ethnic or racial discrimination and in the evolutionary arena of partner selection. "
What is said about the 28 new participants?
选项 A、They received the fMRI brain scanning before the experiment.
B、They were only shown images of the untrustworthy candidates.
C、Their negative response to the untrustworthy images was strong.
D、Their response in the brain was especially focused.
答案D
解析 事实细节题。本题考查28名新实验参与者的相关信息。第六段提到，研究小组针对28名新参与者实施了同样的实验，并同时使用了功能磁共振成像扫描大脑，可见其目的是研究他们在经历这一过程时脑部的活动情况，故答案为D)。A)“他们在实验前接受了功能磁共振成像扫描大脑”曲解了原文，实验者是在参与实验的同时接受脑部扫描的，故排除；B)“他们只看到了不可信的人的照片”在原文中没有提及，故排除；C)“他们对不可信的人的照片负面反应强烈”是对定位段最后一句的误解，原文的意思是实验者看到照片中的候选者越来越相像于最初实验中的不受信任者时，其脑部杏仁体的活动会变强烈，故排除。
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