2. 外语
  3. 　　(1) A couple of years ago a group of management scholars from Yale and the University of Pittsburgh tried to discover if there

　　(1) A couple of years ago a group of management scholars from Yale and the University of Pittsburgh tried to discover if there

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问题 　　(1) A couple of years ago a group of management scholars from Yale and the University of Pittsburgh tried to discover if there was a link between a company’s success and the personality of its boss. To work out what that personality was, they asked senior managers to score their bosses for such traits as an ability to communicate an exciting vision of the future or to stand as a good model for others to follow. When the data were analyzed, the researchers found no evidence of a connection between how well a firm was doing and what its boss was like. As far as they could tell, a company could not be judged by its chief executive any better than a book could be judged by its cover.
    (2) A few years before this, however, a team of psychologists from Tufts University, led by Nalini Ambady, discovered that when people watched two-second-long film-clips of professors lecturing, they were pretty good at determining how able a teacher each professor actually was. At the end of the study, the perceptions generated by those who had watched only the clips were found to match those of students taught by those self-same professors for a full semester.
    (3) Now, Dr Ambady and her colleague, Nicholas Rule, have taken things a step further. They have shown that even a still photograph can convey a lot of information about competence—and that it can do so in a way which suggests the assessments of all those senior managers were poppycock.
    (4) Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule showed 100 undergraduates the faces of the chief executives of the top 25 and the bottom 25 companies in the Fortune 1,000 list. Half the students were asked how good they thought the person they were looking at would be at leading a company and half were asked to rate five personality traits on the basis of the photograph. These traits were competence, dominance, likeability, facial maturity (in other words, did the individual have an adult-looking face or a baby-face) and trustworthiness.
    (5) By a useful (though hardly unexpected) coincidence, all the businessmen were male and all were white, so there were no confounding variables of race or sex. The study even controlled for age, the emotional expression in the photos and the physical attractiveness of the individuals by obtaining separate ratings of these from other students and using statistical techniques to remove their effects.
    (6) This may sound like voodoo. Psychologists spent much of the 20th century denigrating the work of 19th-century physiognomists and phrenologists who thought the shapes of faces and skulls carry information about personality. However, recent work has shown that such traits can, Indeed, be assessed from photographs of faces with a reasonable accuracy.
    (7) And Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule were surprised by just how accurate the students’ observations were. The results of their study, which are about to be published in Psychological Science, show that both the students’ assessments of the leadership potential of the bosses and their ratings for the traits of competence, dominance and facial maturity were significantly related to a company’s profits. Moreover, the researchers discovered that these two connections were independent of each other. When they controlled for the "power" traits, they still found the link between perceived leadership and profit, and when they controlled for leadership they still found the link between profit and power.
    (8) These findings suggest that instant judgments by the ignorant (nobody even recognized Warren Buffett) are more accurate than assessments made by well-informed professionals. It looks as if knowing a chief executive disrupts the ability to judge his performance.
    (9) Sadly, the characteristics of likeability and trustworthiness appear to have no link to company profits, suggesting that when it comes to business success, being warm and fuzzy does not matter much (though these traits are not harmful). But this result also suggests yet another thing that stock market analysts might care to take into account when preparing their reports: the physiognomy of the chief executive.
The author will most probably agree on the idea that ________.
选项 A、there is no connection between physiognomy and personality
B、people can assess the personality traits on the basis of photograph
C、workers’ personality traits are related to the company’s profit
D、a baby-face looking is good to the company’s success
答案B
解析 根据各选项定位至文章第1、6、7段。第6段最后一句提到，最近的研究表明such traits可以相当准确地从面部照片估计。而such traits指的是前一句中提到的personality，因此B项符合原文，也就是作者最可能认同的。推断题，A项与B项相反，属于第6段中提到的20世纪心理学家的观点，但该段最后一句的however已经否定了这一点；C项中的workers’ personality没有在文中提到，文章中提到的研究只是探讨了老板的性格与企业利润的关系；D项中的baby-face属于facial maturity的内容，倒数第3段第2句表明面部成熟度与公司利润相关，由此可知bay-face并不会对公司的成功有利。
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