2. 外语
  3. Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and are sel

Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and are sel

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问题     Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and are seldom conscious of how we express that meaning. Only if we make a mistake and have to correct it or have difficulty remembering a word do we become conscious of our words. This means that most of us don’t know where the words we use come from and how they come to have the meanings they do. Since words play such an important role in our lives, making our life easy or difficult depending on which words we choose on a given occasion, exploring their nature and origin should provide an interesting adventure.
    English words come from several different sources. They develop naturally over the course of centuries from ancestral languages, they are also borrowed from other languages, and we create many of them by various means of word formation. Each of these sources has made a material impact on the vocabulary available to us today.
    First of all, it is important to know that languages may be related just like people. You have probably noticed that people from England, Brooklyn, and North Carolina all speak differently. They pronounce the same words differently and they even use different words for the same meaning. The English call the "hood" of a car the "bonnet" and the people in Brooklyn "schlep" things around while people in North Carolina "drag" them.
    These differences make up what are called dialects and the people in England speak one of several British dialects("Cockney" is one of the most colorful), the people in Brooklyn speak a Brooklyn dialect and those in North Carolina speak a Southern dialect. Dialects are variants of a language, variants with slightly different pronunciation, different grammatical rules, and slightly different vocabularies. The interesting thing about dialects is that as they continue to develop over time, the differences become greater and greater until people from one dialect area cannot understand those from another. When this happens, the people from the different, dialect areas are speaking different languages.
    Languages are not stagnant; they don’t remain the same forever. They are constantly developing and changing. If one dialect group loses contact with people in another, the two groups are likely to develop into mutually unintelligible languages. At one time, for example, around 1,000 B.C.E., there was a single language that we call Proto-Germanic. Everyone speaking it could understand each other. But dialects emerged that developed into languages that are today called Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish. These are then sister languages and Proto-Germanic is the mother language.(All languages come from one-parent families.)
    Obviously words changed as these languages developed from their ancestors. So the core words in English today developed from Proto-Germanic(via Old English, Middle English, into Modern English). These Germanic words include such words as "get", "burn", "ring", "house", "dog", "think". Their cognates can be found in other Germanic languages which share the same origin. English "house", Danish "hus", and German "Haus" are cognates; so are "think" and German and Dutch "denk-en".
    So these words are the results of 3,000 years of development in different dialects of what was originally a single language. Notice some of the rules that linguists look for: the "s" in German often corresponds to "t" in English(Fuss, Wasser), while the "th" in English often corresponds to "d" or "t" in German:(Mutter). The "ch" in German and the "k" in English seem to be related, too(Milch, machen). These parallels in many words demonstrate that the languages are related.(Also notice that vowels are much more likely to change than consonants. Even the changed consonants here are very similar to each other linguistically.)
What can we infer from the last paragraph?
选项 A、s in German remains linguistically similar to "t" in English.
B、Changed consonants and vowels share similar linguistic features.
C、German is more closely related to English than other languages.
D、Vowel changes are often associated with consonant changes.
答案A
解析 最后一段第2句指出德语中的s相当于英语中的t，而最后一句表明这些不同的辅音在语言学上很相似，A将这两句的内容结合在一起，因此为本题答案。该段最后两句提到元音和辅音时，是分别讲述两者各自的特点的，没有将它们作比较，也没有讲两者之间的联系，因此B和D不正确；虽然该段以德语和英语为例，但不能因此说德语和英语关系最密切，所以C不正确。
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