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  3. Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societie

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问题     Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.
    In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.
    Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.
    Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.
    There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste (social class) system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking caste.
According to the first paragraph, the English make clear distinctions between________.
选项 A、people who eat together
B、the kinds of food served
C、snacks and hamburgers
D、family members and guests
答案B
解析 本题关键词是the English和distinctions，问题是：根据第一段内容，英国人对什么做了明确区分?可以定位到第一段第四句话之后。根据第一段第四句，对英国人来说，饭局的种类(the kind of meal)和供应的食物种类(the kind of food that is served)与在一起吃饭的人(people who are eating together)之间的社会关系种类(the kinds of social links)有关。第一段第五句，她对一日三餐(regular meals)、亲戚可能来的周日膳食(Sunday meals when relatives may come)以及熟人鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties for acquaintances)作了区分，由此可知，英国人对给不同的人提供什么样的食物分得很清楚，因此选项B“供应的食物种类(the kinds of food served)”与原文含义相同，是正确答案。选项A属于曲解文意，一起吃饭的人(people who eat together)是英国人区分哪种场合提供哪种食物的根据，而非区分的主要目标。选项C属于无中生有，因为文中并未提及英国人对“小吃和汉堡(snacks and hamburgers)”进行明确区分。选项D属于曲解文意，第一段第六句说，所供应的食物(the food served)象征着(symbolizes)场合(the occasion)，也反映出(reflects)就餐者的身份(who is present)。由此可知，提供的食物种类象征着就餐者(包括家庭成员和客人)的身份，英国人真正做出明确区分的是提供的食物种类，吃饭者的身份仅仅是食物的象征对象。第一段：文化规则决定食品消费的方方面面，在英国，不同饭局的种类和供应的食物种类象征着用餐者之间的关系。
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