首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF FOOD PROMOTION TO CHILDREN This review was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to ex
REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF FOOD PROMOTION TO CHILDREN This review was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to ex
admin
2018-09-11
47
问题
REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS
OF FOOD PROMOTION TO CHILDREN
This review was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to examine the current research evidence on:
the extent and nature of food promotion to children
the effect, if any, that this promotion has on their food knowledge, preferences and behaviour.
A Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising, and the great majority of this promotes the so-called ’Big Four’ of pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft-drinks, confectionary and savoury snacks. In the last ten years advertising for fast food outlets has rapidly increased. There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications combining television with merchandising, tie-ins’ and point of sale activity. The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, and themes of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support.
B There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether this actually influences them is a complex problem. The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food behaviour(both buying and eating), and their health outcomes(eg. obesity or cholesterol levels). The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge. For example, seeing soft drink and cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s ability to determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.
C The review also found evidence that food promotion influences children’s food preferences and their purchase behaviour. A study of primary school children, for instance, found that exposure to advertising influenced which foods they claimed to like; and another showed that labelling and signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils. A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat. One, for example, showed that advertising influenced a primary class’s choice of daily snack at playtime.
D The next step, of trying to establish whether or not a link exists between food promotion and diet or obesity, is extremely difficult as it requires research to be done in real world settings. A number of studies have attempted this by using amount of television viewing as a proxy for exposure to television advertising. They have established a clear link between television viewing and diet, obesity, and cholesterol levels. It is impossible to say, however, whether this effect is caused by the advertising, the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing. One study resolved this problem by taking a detailed diary of children’s viewing habits. This showed that the more food adverts they saw, the more snacks and calories they consumed.
E Thus the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet in a number of ways. This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable. Nor do all studies point to this conclusion; several have not found an effect. In addition, very few studies have attempted to measure how strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices. Nonetheless, many studies have found clear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to determine that i)these effects are not just due to chance; ii)they are independent of other factors that may influence diet, such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; and iii)they occur at a brand and category level.
F Furthermore, two factors suggest that these findings actually downplay the effect that food promotion has on children. First, the literature focuses principally on television advertising; the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely to be significantly greater. Second, the studies have looked at direct effects on individual children, and understate indirect influences. For example, promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child, but also encourage parents to take them for meals and reinforce the idea that this is a normal and desirable behaviour.
G This does not amount to proof of an effect, but in our view does provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an effect exists. The debate should now shift to what action is needed, and specifically to how the power of commercial marketing can be used to bring about improvements in young people’s eating.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i General points of agreements and disagreements of researchers
ii How much children really know about food
iii Need to take action
iv Advertising effects of the "Big Four"
v Connection of advertising and children’s weight problems
vi Evidence that advertising affects what children buy to eat
vii How parents influence children’s eating habits
viii Advertising’s focus on unhealthy options
ix Children often buy what they want
x Underestimating the effects advertising has on children
Paragraph F
选项
答案
x
解析
段落首句“…these findings actually downplay the effect that food promo-tion has on children”对应标题x.Underestimating the effects advertising has on children。段落最后提及的“…also encourage parents to take them for meals…”虽说对应标题vii.How parents influence children’s eating habits,但是全段并未具体讲述父母对孩子的饮食习惯的影响,反而只是在一个“For example”的举例当中略有提及,所以应当排除。综上所述,正确答案为标题x。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/G0EYFFFM
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Alongmisunderstoodphenomenonincognitivepsychologyissynesthesia,theanomalousblendingofthesensesandsynesthe
______bythesurrealityofhistoryandthechangesunleashedbythe60’s,manywritersinthaterabecame______,withdrawing,tu
Relativismamountstothedenialofanobjectiveworldaboutwhichtrueandfalsestatementscanbemade;thereisnoabs
Relativismamountstothedenialofanobjectiveworldaboutwhichtrueandfalsestatementscanbemade;thereisnoabs
His______oftheassignedpageswasitselfamuchtoolengthysummary;byallaccounts,ifhewishestosucceedbythestandards
Directions:Eachofthefollowingreadingcomprehensionquestionsisbasedonthecontentofthefollowingpassage.Readthepas
Wemustlearnto______sentencesandtoanalyzethegrammarofourtext,forthereisno______tothegrammarofpoetry,toth
UntilAndrewlearnedto______astrictschedule,heseldommanagedtocompletehishomeworkinatimelymanner.
Thispassageisadaptedfrommaterialpublishedin2001.FrederickDouglasswasunquestionablythemostfamousAfricanAmerican
Thispassageisadaptedfrommaterialpublishedin2001.FrederickDouglasswasunquestionablythemostfamousAfricanAmerican
随机试题
胸片有空洞的咯血不见于下述何种疾病
患者恶寒蜷卧,四肢厥冷,吐泻腹痛,口不渴,神衰欲寐,脉沉微。治疗应首选()
颅内压增高的病人呼吸为
在一起强奸案中,被害人称犯罪嫌疑人吴某腰上有一刀疤。为了查明这一事实,公安机关决定对吴某进行人身检查,但吴某拒绝。对此。正确的做法是:
某生产企业属增值税小规模纳税人,2009年6月对部分资产盘点后进行处理:销售边角废料,由税务机关代开增值税专用发票,取得不含税收入8万元;销售使用过的小汽车1辆(2008年购入),取得含税收入5.2万元(原值为4万元)。该企业上述业务应缴纳增值税(
【2014.山东济宁】布鲁纳认为,教育儿童的主要手段是()。
常常抱怨旁人不理解自己的人糊涂了。人人都渴望理解,这正说明理解并不容易,被理解就更难,用无止无休的抱怨、解释、辩论、大喊大叫去求得理解,更是只会把人吓跑的了。不理解本身应该是可以理解的。理解“不理解”。这是理解的初步,也是寻求理解的前提。你连别人为什么不理
1998年3月,梁某伪造了某市供销贸易公司营业执照副本、公章和合同专用章。当月中旬,梁某认识了周某,梁某自称是供销贸易公司的业务经理,提出聘周某为公司业务员,周某允诺。3月下旬的一天,梁某用伪造的公章以供销贸易公司的名义与一乡办衬衫厂签订合同一份,约定衬衫
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultith
IhavebeenteachingforlongerthanIcaretosay,andalwaysofferacourseforenteringfreshmen.AndI’vediscoveredsomet
最新回复
(
0
)