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  3. In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were found. Scientists believe that it was caused by a previously unknown virus—n

In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were found. Scientists believe that it was caused by a previously unknown virus—n

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问题 In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were found. Scientists believe that it was caused by a previously unknown virus—now named COVID-19.
    Coronaviruses have the appearance of a crown. Crown in Latin is called "corona" and that’s how these viruses got their name. There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes gastrointestinal of symptoms.
    It’s known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of animals. But the animals which transmit COVID-19 are not known yet. And the exact dynamics of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined.
    From what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, there’s been pneumonia, kidney failure and death. There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care. There is currently no vaccine to protect against the virus. Treatment and vaccines are in development.
    Nevertheless, we are committed to combatting the COVID-19 epidemic. It’s certainly troubling that so many people and countries have been affected, so quickly. Now that the virus has a foothold in so many countries, the threat of a pandemic has become very real. But it would be the first pandemic in history that could be controlled. The bottom line is: we are not at the mercy of this virus.
    The great advantage we have is that the decisions we all make—as governments, businesses, communities, families and individuals—can influence the trajectory of the epidemic. We need to remember that with decisive, early action, we can slow down the virus and prevent infections. Among those who are infected, most will recover.
    It’s also important to remember that looking only at the total number of reported cases and the total number of countries doesn’t tell the full story. This is an uneven epidemic at the global level. Different countries are in different scenarios, requiring a tailored response. It’s not about containment or mitigation. It’s about both.
    All countries must take a comprehensive blended strategy for controlling their epidemics and pushing this deadly virus back. Countries that continue finding and testing cases and tracing their contacts not only protect their own people, they can also affect what happens in other countries and globally. The WHO has consolidated its guidance for countries in four categories: those with no case; those with sporadic cases; those with clusters; and those with community transmission. For all countries, the aim is the same: stop transmission and prevent the spread of the virus.
    For the first three categories, countries must focus on finding, testing, treating and isolating individual cases and following their contacts. In areas with community spread, testing every suspected case and tracing their contacts become more challenging. Action must be taken to prevent transmission at the community level to reduce the epidemic to manageable clusters.
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答案 2019年12月，出现了一批聚集性肺炎病例。科学家认为该肺炎有一种全新的病毒引起，现取名为“新型冠状病毒”。 冠状病毒的外形像一个皇冠。而crown(皇冠)的拉丁语为corona，冠状病毒的英语名称coronavirus也由此而来。会引起呼吸道症状的冠状病毒有不同种类，这些病毒有时还会引起肠胃症状。 众所周知，冠状病毒在各种动物之间传播。但传播新型冠状病毒的动物还未找到。对于其具体的传播过程，也尚未有定论。 根据目前已知的情况来看，新冠肺炎的症状可从轻微到严重。患者会出现发烧和一些呼吸道症状，比如咳嗽、呼吸短促等。更严重的病例则会出现肺炎、肾衰竭甚至死亡。目前没有针对该病毒的特效药，采用的均是支持性治疗。疫苗也尚未就位。治疗方法和疫苗还在研究中。 尽管如此，我们正全力以赴抗击新冠肺炎疫情。疫情传播速度如此之快，所影响的国家和人民如此之多，无疑带来了许多麻烦。鉴于新冠病毒已经侵入很多国家，造成影响，疾病大流行的威胁已是十分明显。但或许这将是历史上第一个可控制的大流行病。我们的底线是，不能任其摆布。 我们的一个明显优势是，政府、企业、社区、家庭和个人所做的决定都能影响疫情的发展轨迹。我们要记住，只要尽早采取行动，坚定决心，就可以降低病毒的传播速度，同时预防感染。大部分确诊的病人也都可以康复。 很重要的一点是，我们要意识到，仅从报告病例和受影响国家的总数无法看到疫情的全貌。疫情在全球的分布是不均匀的。不同国家情况不同，需要对症下药。只控制不缓解、只缓解不控制，都是不行的。两个方面要一起抓。 各个国家必须采取全面、综合的战略控制疫情，遏制这种致命病毒的传播。查找、检测病例，同时追踪接触者不仅可以保护自己国家的人民，还会对其他国家乃至全球的疫情产生积极影响。世界卫生组织已在以下四个类型的国家加强引导：没有病例的国家、只有少数病例的国家、存在聚集性病例的国家和存在社区性传播病例的国家。无论是哪一类国家，我们的目标是一致的，那就是遏制病毒的传播，防止疫情扩散。前三类国家要把重心放在查找、检测、治疗和隔离个体病例上，同时做好接触者追踪工作。对于存在社区性传播的地区，检测每个疑似病倒、同时开展接触者追踪无疑是更大的挑战。必须采取行动阻止社区传播，把社区疫情缓解到在可控制的范围内。
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