首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The theory of the Social Contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, assumes that men a
The theory of the Social Contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, assumes that men a
admin
2013-03-27
40
问题
The theory of the Social Contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, assumes that men at first lived in a state of anarchy in which there was no society, no government, and no organized coercion of the individual by the group. Hobbes maintained that by the social contract men had surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in LeContrat Social(1762), found the general will, a means of establishing reciprocal rights and duties, privileges, and responsibilities as a basis of the state. Similar ideas were used as a justification for both the American and the French revolutions in the 18th century. Thomas Jefferson held that the preservation of certain natural rights was an essential part of the social contract, and that "consent of the governed" was fundamental to any exercise of governmental power. The Social Contract theory has withstood the test of time; it served as a rationale for the enactment of felon disenfranchisement laws in the past, and remains a compelling argument today.
The early exclusion of felons from the franchise by many states could well have rested on Locke’s concept, so influential at the time, that by entering into society every man authorizes the society, or which is all one, the legislature thereof, to make laws for him, as the public good of the society shall require. A man who breaks the laws he has authorized his agent to make for his own governance could fairly have been thought to have abandoned the right to participate in further administering the compact. This is especially so when account is taken of the heavy incidence of recidivism and the prevalence of organized crime.
When someone commits a crime, he commits it not just against the victim, but against our entire society. Protests that time sewed is enough, and that society should prioritize the rehabilitation and reintegration of felons should fall on deaf ears. Opponents of disenfranchisement claim that the inability to vote stymies felons’ "remittance into a law-abiding society". Yet they neglect to explain why the tonic of voting did not curtail felons from committing crimes initially. They have breached the social contract and, like insane persons, have raised questions about their ability to vote responsibly.
Despite its initial attractiveness, the use of social contract theory to defend felon disenfranchisement is in fact specious. Disenfranchised felons are unequal parties to a contract that is fundamentally unfair in its formation on the grounds that they are unconscionable. The social contract between citizens and the state to which they delegate their authority gains its validity from the parties’ freedom to contract and share an active voice in negotiating. In fact, active citizenship in the United States is but a facade without this vital right.
The felon, disenfranchised upon breaching the original social contract, enters into a second contract upon his release. The validity of this second formation is questionable because the felon, in his disenfranchised state, is not an equal party truly free to contract. This suggests that the contract is unconscionable because of the unincarcerated felon’s unequal position as a silent party to the ongoing negotiation of the contract.
The social contract suffers from many of the ailments in the formation, liquidated damages provision, and unconscionable terms that would invalidate any traditional contract. The franchise should be returned to unincarcerated felons so that they may be whole and free parties to the social contract. The Social Contract theory and the objectives of punishment fail to provide a satisfactory explanation for the denial of one of the most fundamental rights to millions of citizens. Disenfranchisement’s defenders continue to claim that denying convicts the vote is necessary to protect something called the "purity of the ballot box" and that because offenders violate the "social contract", they forfeit political rights completely unrelated to the needs of incarceration.
According to opponents of disenfranchisement, the franchise is______.
选项
A、a privilege
B、a fundamental right
C、a legal right
D、an immunity
答案
B
解析
根据最后一段的“The Social Contract theory and the objectives of punishment fail to provide a satisfactory explanation for…the needs of incarceration.”可知,在拒绝给予数百万公民最重要的权利之一时,社会契约理论和处罚目的不能提供一个令人满意的解释。剥夺选举权的辩护者继续声称,把罪犯排除在外,选举就必然会保护被称为“投票箱的纯正性”那类事物。他们还称,因为罪犯违反了“社会契约”,他们就丧失了政治权利,这完全与监禁需求无关。据此可知,选举权是一项最重要的权利,B项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/FLgYFFFM
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Seventeen-year-oldQuantaeWilliamsdoesn’tunderstandwhytheU.S.SupremeCourtstruckdownhisschooldistrict’sracialdive
Sociologistsusethetermpowertorefertothecapacityofpeopleorgroupstocontrolorinfluencetheactionsofothers,whet
Thebiosphereisthenamebiologistsgivetothesortofskinonthesurfaceofthisplanetthatisinhabitablebylivingorgani
Whenamemberofanethnicminoritygroupacquiresthebehaviorpatterns,lifestyles,values,andlanguageofthemainstreamcul
Theexplosionofastarisanawesomeevent.Themostviolentofthesecataclysms,whichproducesupernovae,probablydestroysa
Ifthesellerfailstoprovidegoodtitle,thecontractwillbecomenulland______.
Yearsago,agroupofbrilliantyoungmenattheUniversityofWisconsinseemedtohaveamazingcreativeliterarytalent.Theyw
Thereasoninginthiseditorialisso______thatwecannotseehowanyonecanbedeceivedbyit.
AtthemomenteverycultureinBritainhasasimilarphilosophyasfarassize______;ifyouwanttolookgoodandbedesirable
Therearesomeearthphenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somedayisnotofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,drif
随机试题
关于口服铁剂的护理,下列哪项不正确()
A.剪刀式步态B.摇摆步态C.抗痛性步态D.病人以手扶膝上方行走大脑痉挛性瘫痪的表现为
属于清营汤配伍作用的是
有关法洛四联症下述哪项正确
男性,41岁,患肝硬化5年。5天来畏寒发热,体温38℃左右,全腹痛,腹部明显膨隆,尿量550ml/日。为进一步治疗,下列何种措施最为重要
为说明某医院夏、秋季肠道传染病在门诊病例中的比重大小,应选用的指标是
旅行社如已经获准经营,在经营中可以引进外商投资。()
下面是某求助者的MMPI测验结果:该求助者SCL-90各因子得分为:躯体化1.4,强迫症状3.5,人际关系敏感3.8,抑郁3.4,焦虑2.5,敌对2.0,恐怖1.9,偏执2.5,精神病性1.9,其他2.7,该求助者()。(A)可列为筛查
Inthepastoysterswereraisedinmuchthesamewayasdirtfarmersraisedtomatoes-bytransplantingthem.First,farmersselect
Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconver
最新回复
(
0
)