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  3. (1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The lega

(1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The lega

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问题   (1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional，even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance．For many colleges，this means students can be admitted only on merit，not on their race or ethnicity．It has been a divisive issue across the U．S．，as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions．Meanwhile，activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina．
  (2)Now，chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate．They，together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations，formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action．The CEOs’motive：“Our audience is growing more diverse，so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”，says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations．
  Among the steps the forum is pushing：finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollmentthrough new admissions policies；promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores；and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid．(3)And to counter accusationsby critics to challenge these tactics in court，the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them．“Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate，legal ways，”says a forum member．
  One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10％rule.(4)The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U．S．undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10％of their high school graduating class．(5)Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.
【5】
选项
答案(5)即使在现行的全州范围的排名制度下，很多大学并不会减少招收的人数，但这种方法可以使大学招收到一般城市学校中名列前茅的少数民族学生。
解析 【参考译文】
  (1)二十多年来，美国法院一直在限制大学及其他领域里肯定性行动法案的实施。其法律依据是，种族照顾政策，甚至是那些打算对种族歧视或不容忍行为进行补偿的政策都是违反宪法的。对于很多大学来说，这意味着学生只能被择优录取，而不是依据他们的种族或民族背景。这件事在整个美国引起了争议，因为教育者们指责说，对平等权利法案的这种长期的反对态度造成了少数民族录取率的下降。与此同时，一些积极分子在密歇根州到北卡罗来纳州的各个法庭上继续竭力反对种族照顾政策。
  (2)如今，约24家公司的行政总裁已经决定带头加人这场政治上很具争议的辩论之中。他们和36所大学以及7家非营利机构一起组成了一个论坛，该论坛宣布了一项行动计划，这项计划主要是为了帮助大学逃避法庭对平等权利法案强加的限制而设计的。这些总裁的理由正如一位拥有九家电视台的公司总裁所说：“我们的观众越来越多元化，所以如果我们的员工来自不同的种族和民族，那么我们服务的机构将会受益。”
  论坛推行的步骤如下：找到通过新的录取政策增加少数民族录取人数的有创意且合法的办法：提倡不仅仅取决于考试分数的录取原则；鼓励大学推进少数民族扩招政策及经济援助政策。(3)为了反击评论家们在法庭上质疑这些策略的非难，这个组织声称它将给予那些由于尝试采取这些策略而被起诉的大学法律援助。一位论坛成员说：“由于法庭造成的多样性的减少必须通过其他正当合法的手段予以补偿。”
  他们所主张的另一项更具争议性的办法是所谓的10％规则。(4)这项办法将用在培养了美国四分之三的大学毕业生的公立大学中，这些大学将录取在高中毕业班排名前10％的学生。(5)即使在现行的全州范围的排名制度下，很多大学并不会减少招收的人数，但这种方法可以使大学招收到一般城市学校中名列前的少数民族学生。
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