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  3. For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

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问题     For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical signal from one animal to another. 【F1】 Often, though not always , such chemicals indicate sexual availability—and when it comes to human mating signals in particular, those looking into the matter have a couple of specific molecules in mind.
    Androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) are derived, respectively, from male and female hormones and are exuded in sweat. The idea that they are pheromonal is thus worth investigating. 【F2】 The results of such investigations as have been made so far, though, are contradictory. Some experiments have found that these molecules make opposite-sex faces, or photographs thereof, appear more attractive to heterosexual volunteers. Others discern no such effect.
    【F3】 Unfortunately, most of these studies were done with groups of volunteers too small for clear conclusions to be drawn, or using less-than-rigorous experimental methods. To try to clear up the confusion, a group of researchers led by Robin Hare of the University of Western Australia have performed one of the most stringent studies to date. They report their results this week in Royal Society Open Science.
    Dr. Hare and his colleagues took 43 men and 51 women, all of them straight, and gave them two tasks. One was to decide whether an androgynous computer-generated face was, on balance, more likely to be female or male. The other was to rate members of the opposite sex shown in photographs for both their sexual attractiveness and their likelihood of being unfaithful.
    The participants completed both tasks twice, on consecutive days. On one day they were exposed to the appropriate molecule (AND for the women; EST for the men) and on the other to a placebo that ought to have had no effect. Crucially, the study was double-blinded, which meant that neither the researchers nor the participants knew which day was which. 【F4】 This should have made it impossible for unconscious biases on the part of the experimenters or the subjects to have had any effect on the result.
    If AND and EST really are aphrodisiac pheromones, the researchers reasoned, then they ought to make participants more likely to assume that androgynous faces belonged to the opposite sex. 【F5】 They should also boost the sex appeal of the people in the photographs—and, because of that boost, increase the perception that those people might be unfaithful, since the attractive have more opportunities for infidelity than the plain.
【F2】
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答案然而，迄今为止，这类调查研究的结果仍然相互矛盾。
解析 本句为复合句，本句主干为The results…are contradictory。as引导的为状语从句。though为插入语。
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