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  3. Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

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问题     Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
    Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
    Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
Social control refers to processes by which________.
选项 A、norms are developed
B、norms are enforced
C、people are educated and trained
D、people are rewarded and punished
答案B
解析 题目问社会控制是一种什么样的过程。根据题干processes定位至第1段第1句。该句提到，people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms “人们被教导、说服或被迫遵守社会规范”，说明“社会控制”是一种教导、说服或迫使人们遵守规范的过程，故答案为B项。A项“发展规范”未被提及，可排除；C项“人们接受教育和训练”中的(are)trained没有被提及。D项是利用文章个别字词拼凑的信息，均为细节内容，不足以概括社会控制的过程。
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