首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two
admin
2010-08-21
36
问题
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two "behavior segments" in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Hulll’s principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. But they did not for the most part "integrate". They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning.
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from anther psychologist, Michael Cole and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers’ task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers’ one but much easier for me African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behavior segments--"open the right match-box to get the key" and "use the key to open the box"---so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects: and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns our that the difficulty of "integration" is greatly reduced.
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the children could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no "magic" about the specific marble. The two modifications together produced a jump m success rates from 30% to 90% for five-year-olds and from 35% to 72.5 % for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement--rather a slight drop in performance resulted from the change.
We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning.
Who devised an experiment that investigated deductive reasoning without the use of any marbles?
选项
答案
Michael Cole and his colleagues.
解析
文章第二段描述Kendler夫妇的实验时作者提到:“The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble;and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy.”。第四段描述Simon Hewson的实验时提到:“Then he helped the child to understand that there was no“magic”about the specific marble.”,由此可见只有Michael Cole和他同事的实验没有用弹珠了。故正确答案是“Michael Cole and his colleagues.”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/4jFMFFFM
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Britainwasawealthycountry.Therewereafewveryrichpeoplewhoreceivedmoneyfromlandor【B1】______,anddidnotneedt
Theplaceofthechildinsocietyhasvariedforthousandsofyearsandhasbeeneffectedbydifferent【S
Inthelate1960s,manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscr
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe2Othcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand1
Thetaskofbeingacceptedandenrolledinauniversityorcollegebeginsearlyforsomestudents.Long【C1】______theygraduate
Thetaskofbeingacceptedandenrolledinauniversityorcollegebeginsearlyforsomestudents.Long【C1】______theygraduate
Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirrortheglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun’s
Ifoneatschoolcannotwrite,oneofthereasonsmaybeaconditioningbasedonspeedratherthanrespectforthecreativepro
Itisexcitedtoapplyforajobthatreallyappealstoyou.【S1】______Inmakingyourapplication,therearethenum
Itisexcitedtoapplyforajobthatreallyappealstoyou.【S1】______Inmakingyourapplication,therearethenum
随机试题
___________,汀上白沙看不见。
分子中含有咔唑环结构,通过拮抗5—羟色胺受体而产生止吐作用的药物是()。
下列情况中,律师事务所的哪一或哪些行为不符合法律规定?()
有效合同价是指包括暂定金额和计日工费用的合同价格。()
关于清算与交收,说法错误的是()。
现金清查过程中发现的尚待查明原因的现金短缺或溢余,在按管理权限报经批准后,在进行会计处理时可能涉及的会计科目有()。
A和B注册会计师首次接受委托,负责审计上市公司甲公司20×4年度财务报表。相关资料如下:资料一:甲公司持有联营企业40%的股权,20×4年度按权益法核算确认的投资收益占当年未审利润总额的30%。联营企业20×4年度财务报表由其他注册会计师审计。
中国比内测验适用的年龄段是()。
计算机的存储容量中,1KB表示的是()。
在Internet上捕获并分析如图5-15所示的网络中两个内部网络经由Internet通信的L2TPv2数据帧,请从以下4个选项中选择正确的答案填写到图5-16的(1)~(4)空缺处的相应位置。在图5-15的企业网中,在VPN接入过程中L2TPv2、
最新回复
(
0
)