首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2017-01-17
32
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason."
According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
选项
A、uncertainty and complexity.
B、misconception and deceptiveness.
C、logicality and objectivity.
D、systematicness and regularity.
答案
A
解析
细节题。根据题干定位在第一段。第二句But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.即在日常的科学实践中,科学发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路径。A项uncertainty and complexity(不确定性和复杂性)是对原文ambiguous and complicated的同义替换,是正确答案。B项“误解和欺骗”、C项“逻辑性和客观性”都是对原文的曲解。D项“系统性和规律性”原文未提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/4Hv7FFFM
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
In1956,whenthecoldwarwasatitspeak,Americadeployeda"secretsonicweapon",asanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime
In1956,whenthecoldwarwasatitspeak,Americadeployeda"secretsonicweapon",asanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomm
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation.Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.
Itiscommonknowledgethathealthyfoodssuchasfruitsandvegetablescontaincertainnutrientsthatpromotegoodhealth—namel
Notsolongago,itwasthestuffofnightmares:youpickupthelandlinetelephoneandthere’snodialingtone.Nothing.Theph
Notsolongago,itwasthestuffofnightmares:youpickupthelandlinetelephoneandthere’snodialingtone.Nothing.Theph
Notsolongago,itwasthestuffofnightmares:youpickupthelandlinetelephoneandthere’snodialingtone.Nothing.Theph
随机试题
下列有关授权和分权的说法,不正确的是()。
真菌性角膜炎的病因不包括
具有镇心安神,聪耳明目作用的药物是()
属于国家药品标准的是
新生儿娩出后1分钟内,心率92次/分,无呼吸,四肢稍屈,刺激咽喉部稍有反应,但无咳嗽,躯干红,四肢青紫。Apgar评分应得
根据个人所得税法律制度规定,将个人所得税的纳税义务人分为居民纳税人和非居民纳税人,依据的标准是()。
2013年第二季度,全国主要监测城市地价总体水平为3226元/平方米。三大重点区域:长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、环渤海地区综合地价水平分别为4770元/平方米、4552元/平方米、3465元/平方米。分用途看,珠江三角洲地区商服、住宅、工业地价环比
1984年,世界卫生组织在其宣言中指出,健康应包括生理、心理和______等几方面。
材料1:习近平总书记指出,扶贫开发工作已进入啃硬骨头、攻坚拔寨的冲刺期。他强调,各级党委和政府要扶贫先扶志、扶贫先扶智,尤其要在精准扶贫、精准脱贫上下更大功夫。扶贫工作中“输血”重要,“造血”更重要,扶贫先扶志,一定要把扶贫与扶志有机地结合
TheIndiansrisesoonasitislight,thechildrenrundowntotherivertoswim,thewomangotothecreektobringfreshwater
最新回复
(
0
)