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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can【C1】______performance at work and school. Cognitive(认知学派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on【C2】______and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters,【C3】______among educators. But the careful use of small【C4】______rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed【C5】______inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C6】______task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to【C7】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for【C8】______achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and【C9】______failing grades.
    In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C10】______in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hope
F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary
K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
【C9】
选项
答案N
解析 由空格前的and可知，此处应填动词，与tighten构成并列。可选项有avoid和restore，但由tighten可推出，既然是使评分标准严格，那么就会有高分和低分，也会有不及格，故只有restore“恢复”符合题意。avoid“避免(不及格)”不符合原文意思。
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大学英语四级

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