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  3. In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

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问题     In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
    These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It’s more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you’re a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
    The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
    Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward. You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that’ll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
    Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neural networks inside. To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You’re trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
    This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
    If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
The 19th-century model supposedly does not work because________.
选项 A、it has worked unsatisfactorily most of the time
B、the comparison of free will to dam is groundless
C、what one wished to do should be considered carefully
D、there were many other factors beyond one’s control
答案D
解析 本题关键词是The 19th—century model，问题是19世纪的品格模式现在不适用的原因是什么。可定位到第二段和第三段。根据第三段内容，19世纪的品格模式是基于对自由意志的理解(based on an understanding of free will)……自由意志是受限制的(bounded)……规则改变(ordering change)却并非易事(not simple)，因为很多东西(many things)，包括我们自身的一些东西(within ourselves)，都不在我们直接控制的范围之内(beyond our direct control)。由此可知，19世纪的品格模式在当今无法适用是由于许多事物我们无法控制，因此选项D中的“无法控制的因素(factors beyond one’s control)”与原文属于相同含义，为正确答案。选项A属于曲解文意，因为第二段第二句说，通常很难通过简单地下决心做某事(simply resolving to do something)来改变自己的行为 (usually can’t change your behavior)。第三段第三句说，人们能够改变自己的生活(change their lives)，但是规则改变(ordering change)却并非易事(not simple)。由此可知，依赖19世纪的品格模式来改变自身的行为是不容易的，并非选项A所说的“大多数时候(most of the time)是不成功的(worked unsatisfactorily)”。选项B和选项C属于无中生有，因为文中并没有提及“把自由意志(free will)比作堤坝(dam)是毫无根据的(groundless)”，也没有提及“想清楚(consider carefully)自己想要做的事(what one wished to do)”。第二段：人很难通过只依靠意志力来改变自己的行为。第三段：自由意志是受限制的，很多东西不受人们的直接掌控。
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