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  3. Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman sh

Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman sh

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问题 Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman shared certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos. Without denying outright the existence of a deity, this perspective explains humans and the world in terms of humanity.
    This common perspective is almost always universalized. It emphasizes the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking," while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam," where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. "
    Also common to all five writers is the belief that self-realization depends on the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to be responsible only to himself or herself, and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual’s freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.
    A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection— their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves led them to conceive of the writer as a seer.  
According to the passage, the five writers object to the scientific method primarily because they think it
选项 A、is not the best way to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the individual and the cosmos
B、is so specialized that it leads to an understanding of separate parts of the universe but not of the relationships among those parts
C、cannot provide an adequate explanation of intuition and imagination
D、misleads people into believing they have an understanding of truth, when they do not
E、prevents people from recognizing the symbolic nature of experience
答案A
解析 The final paragraph of the passage indicates that the five writers suggest that the scientific method provides a less sure way to arrive at truth than do intuition and imagination. In particular, these authors propose that intuition and imagination allow us to recognize, in a way the scientific method cannot, the organic relationship between the self and the cosmos.
A     Correct. As indicated above, the passage indicates that these five writers believe that the scientific method is not a sure way to obtain an understanding of how the individual self relates to the cosmos.
B     The passage suggests that these five writers objected to use of the scientific method to obtain understanding of how the individual relates to the cosmos, not because it is too "specialized."
C     The passage suggests that these five writers believed that intuition and imagination were surer means of arriving at truth than the scientific method. This does not imply that the scientific method is incapable of providing an adequate explanation of intuition and imagination themselves.
D     The passage does not indicate whether the writers believed that, as a result of the scientific method, people falsely believed that they understood the truth. The passage does suggest that the writers believed that the scientific method cannot lead to certain types of fundamental truths. However, this does not imply that these authors thought that any beliefs arrived at through the scientific method are inherently false.
E     The passage indicates that the writers did not believe that the scientific method could effectively lead to recognizing the symbolic nature of experience. Nevertheless, it does not indicate that they believe that the scientific method prevents people from recognizing the symbolic nature of experience. The correct answer is A.
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