2. 外语
  3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in, about 120 words. 1. Developments in 19th-

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in, about 120 words. 1. Developments in 19th-

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问题 Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in, about 120 words.
1.    Developments in 19th-eentury Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades: World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19thcentury. In between these boundaries--the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head--much of modern Europe was defined.
   Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continent wide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, The European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the Industrial Revolution _and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe-Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.
   Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19thcentury. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.
   Some historians prefer to divide 19th-century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789 - 1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815 - 1848 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848 -1871 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the Ger- man and Italian nations; and 1871 -1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.
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答案 The French Revolution in 1789 and the World War I in 1914 were the two boundaries in the developments of 19th-century’s Europe. Much of modern Europe was defined between these two boundaries. During that period, a number of basic cultural trends run through the entire continents. European states were busy dealing with diplomatic interaction, continent wide alliance system and the nationalism. Western Europe responded the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization much faster than eastern and southern Europe. European developments should be valued according to regional differences and different trends had different life span. 19th-century history usually is divided into small parts. They are 1789 - 1815, 1815 - 1848, 1848 - 1871, and 1871 - 1914. There is another simpler division. No matter which one takes, the mid-19th century is regarded as an important point of transition.
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