首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
For a Sharp Brain, Stimulation There are many phenomena that arouse people’s concern, especially serious diseases. Americans
For a Sharp Brain, Stimulation There are many phenomena that arouse people’s concern, especially serious diseases. Americans
admin
2013-08-22
44
问题
For a Sharp Brain, Stimulation
There are many phenomena that arouse people’s concern, especially serious diseases. Americans may worry about heart disease, stroke and diabetes, but they completely dread Alzheimer’s disease, a recent survey found. For good reason. One in eight adults over 65 is affected by the disease. Those who are spared know they may end up with the burden of caring for a parent or a spouse who is affected. Even though the number of older adults with dementias(痴呆)is rising rapidly, only a few drugs that have been approved to treat symptoms are on the market, and they slow down the disease but do not cure it.
Researchers, however, are more optimistic than ever about the potential of the aging brain, because recent evidence has challenged long-held beliefs by demonstrating that the brain can grow new nerve cells.
"For a long time, we held the assumption that we’re born with all the nerve cells we’re ever going to have, and that the brain is not capable of generating new ones—that once these cells die we’re unable to replace them, " said Molly V. Wagster, chief of the Neuropsychology of Aging branch of the National Institute on Aging. "Those assumptions have been challenged and put by the wayside."
The birth of new nerve cells, she said, "has been shown to occur in the adult—not only in adult rats and monkeys, but also in older adult humans." Most of the areas that show neurogenesis(神经生成)and that have been investigated so far are important for learning and memory, particularly the hippocampus, she added.
So how does one stimulate neurogenesis?
Scientists do not have all the answers, but studies of older people who have maintained their mental acuity provide some clues.They tend to be socially connected, with strong ties to relatives, friends and community. They are often both physically healthy and physically active. And they tend to be engaged in stimulating or intellectually challenging activities.
The big question is whether they remain mentally alert because they engage in these activities, or whether they are able to engage in these activities because they are cognitively intact.
"We don’t know whether this is an example of reverse causation or not—it’s probably a two-way street, " said Bruce S. McEwen.who heads the neuroendocrinology lab at Rockefeller University in New York.
But some interventional studies that have introduced older adults to exercise regimens have reported remarkable results. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recruited a group of sedentary(久坐的)adults between the ages of 60 and 75, assigning half of them to an aerobic exercise program that met three times a week to walk, while a control group did an aerobic stretching and toning.
The scientists measured the group’s cognitive function before and after the six-month program and found improvements among those who had done the walking.
"Six months of exercise will buy you a 15 to 20 percent improvement in memory, decision-making ability and attention." said Arthur F. Kramer, a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois. "It will also buy you increases in the volume of various brain regions in the prefrontal and temporal cortex, and more efficient neuronetworks that support the kind of cognition we examined."
Other studies have found improvements in cognitive function after a combined regimen(养生法)of physical exercise and cognitive training.
But skeptics say there is no guarantee that intellectual stimulation will prevent Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia."Maybe it does, but I don’t think we have a shred of evidence, " said Dr. Robert N. Butler, a psychiatrist and gerontologist who is president of the International Longevity Center-USA. "What it does is maintain good health, " he said, adding, "I don’t think we can go much further than that."
But there is consensus among scientists on a few recommendations for action that, most agree, can not hurt.
Regular physical activity may improve brain function, both by increasing blood flow to the brain and stimulating the production of hormones and nerve growth factors involved in neurogenesis. Animal studies have found that physically active animals have better memories and more cells in their hippocampus. Exercise also plays a role in countering diseases like Type 2 diabetes, which increases the risk of dementia. Cholesterol(胆固醇)and hypertension, which affect vascular health, also need to be kept in check.
Seeking out stimulation through interesting work, volunteer opportunities or continuing education is beneficial. Travel, read, take up a new language or learn to play a musical instrument. Staying socially connected is also associated with brain health, as is managing stress effectively.Chronic stress can lead to the rewiring of areas of the brain that are involved in emotion, memory and decision-making, Dr. McEwen said, "and the brain becomes more biased toward more anxiety, more depression, less flexibility in terms of decision-making and becomes less able to store information."
Most scientists recommend eating a Mediterranean-style diet, including fish and nuts containing omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, olive oil and possibly some red wine.(Blueberries are also recommended.)Some also suggest avoiding playing games like football, because of the risk of head injuries, staying away from pesticides ane insecticides that contain neurotoxins and not drinking excessively.
"Another thing that’s important as people get older is to maintain flexible attitudes and be willing to try new things, " said K. Warner Schaie, who in 1956 started the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which follows the psychologica development of participants through adulthood. "You have to expect things will shift over time and won’t be the same as when you were young. Those who manage to roll with the punches, and enjoy change rather than fighting it, tend to do well."
The Seattle Longitudinal Study which started in 1956 makes research into______of subjects through adulthood.
选项
答案
psychological development
解析
由题干关键词Seattle Longitudinal Study可以定位到文章第十八段第一句: ...who in 1956 started the Seattle Longitudinal Study,which follows the psychological development of participants through adulthood…可知,开始于1956年的西雅图纵向研究,研究受试者的心理发展,贯穿成年时代。因此,本题答案可写为psychological development。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/0coFFFFM
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
SufferinginsilenceDespitealawdesignedtoprotectthem,manypeoplewithdisablingconditionsareunawareoftheirrigh
A、Over30millionmen.B、Over30millionmiddle-agedmen.C、ThoseenergeticAmericans.D、Americansofbothsexesandallages.D
A、Someforecastingmachinesdonotworkwellinhotweather.B、Theweatherpatternsaremorechangeableintheautumn.C、Experts
A、Stayhalfdays.B、Tourthecountry.C、Takealongertour.D、Restthewholeday.B女士说“我想在城市里来个半日游”。男士说“就半日?为什么不游一整天?”本题问“男士建议做什
A、he’swindowshopping.B、shoes.C、aplan.D、he’sbuyingeverything.A此题考查听细节的听力。解题的关键是听到windowshopping“只看不买”。
A、Thedevelopmentofballoons.B、Theweatherballoons.C、Thehistoryofhumanbeingflying.D、Balloonsforrecreation.D本文介绍了spo
A、Becausetheyhavemorebuyingpower.B、Becausetheyenjoysportsmorethanyoungpeople.C、Becausetheybecomemorehealthcon
A、Becausedrivingistoodangerous.B、Becausebuyingacaristooexpensive.C、Becausegettingadriver’slicenceistoodifficu
A、Sheonlyfocusesonfashionandboys.B、Sheonlyfocusesonherstudy.C、Sheonlyfocusesonherfather.D、Sheonlyfocuseson
A、Part-timejobsandstudying.B、Latenightpartiesandstudying.C、Part-timejobsandmarriage.D、Marriageandinsomnia.AWhat
随机试题
下列物品中,可以按照规定退税的是()。
张老汉到饭馆吃饭见招牌上写着“水饺两块钱十个”,便点了四块钱的,结果服务员端上来的水饺只如蒜瓣大小。在这一交易中,经营者的行为
HPLC在药物分析工作中的用途是
1.背景某民航机场跑道已使用近20年,道面结构为水泥混凝土面层,二灰土基层,压实土基(黏土)。2009年夏季,连续暴雨后跑道主降端接地带附近纵缝处出现了泥土,长约180m。对泥土是否为唧泥,技术人员意见不一。机场管理部门对此非常重视,组织了专项研究,使用
病例:患者,男,52岁,1周前抬重物后腰痛,可放射至右下肢,腰部活动受限。查体:腰僵直,屈伸均受限,直腿抬高50°,加强试验阳性,膝踝反射正常,拇趾背伸力减弱。如果该患者反复发作1年,症状逐渐加重,其最佳的处理措施是()。
根据下列资料,回答下列问题:2016年年末,纳入统计范围的全国各类文化(文物)单位31.06万个,比上年年末增加1.15万个;从业人员234.81万人,同比增加2.34%。其中,各级文化文物部门所属单位66029个,增加319个:从业人员66.1
根据侵权责任法,在下列哪项情形下,被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿?()
Iwon’tbemodest.IamgratifiedtodiscoverthatapaperIpennedoninequalitymadeitswayintoMattMiller’sWashingtonPos
What’stherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?
Thehousewassituatedonahilloverthevillage.
最新回复
(
0
)