2. 医学
  3. Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the A

Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the A

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问题     Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET．Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay．
                吸烟与健康
    吸烟是一种不健康的生活习惯，吸烟对人体的危害有：吸烟可以破坏人体的营养成分。吸烟可以阻止人体对维生素C的吸收，尼古丁对维生素C有直接的破坏作用。人体如果长期缺乏维生素C，就有得坏血病的可能。吸烟可以诱发多种疾病。由于吸入体内的烟对呼吸道、消化道等器官有恶性刺激作用，因而有人认为它是胃及十二指肠溃疡、呼吸道感染甚至为口、唇、舌、食道、呼吸道等癌症的诱发因素。吸烟可以直接毒杀生命。动物实验获得了惊人结果：再大的马也经不住注射8滴尼古丁，就会很快死亡；活蹦乱跳的狗，用不了一滴尼古丁注射到静脉里就可以将它置于死地；另外，在让某些动物长期吸烟后，可以发现其有血管收缩甚至硬化的明显趋向。
    吸烟对人体健康来说有百害而无一利。所以要尽量戒除或少吸。主动吸烟的害处：吸烟是发生蛋白尿的独立因素。年青糖尿病人蛋白尿的产生与发展、肾疾病的恶化均与吸烟有关。在吸烟者中，蛋白尿和视网膜病变都比不吸烟者进展更快，停止吸烟的病人蛋白尿迅速改善。最可怕的是，由于烟中含有苯和焦油，还有多种放射性物质能致癌，90％的肺癌患者为吸烟引起的。男性膀胱癌病例至少有60％是由吸烟引起的，还有口腔癌和喉癌等。过期的烟草产品因含有霉菌，使人得癌的危险更大。
    吸烟上瘾，吸烟量不断增加，吸烟的费用也与日俱增。日积月累，成为一笔很大的开销。本可用于正途的钱，如增加营养，添置衣物，教育开支等，都要缩减，甚至是放弃了。农民、工人等吸烟就造成更大的经济压力和身体损害，可谓雪上加霜。
    吸烟上瘾的人手足自困，失去了个人自由选择的空间。他出门前要费心查看个人的香烟、打火机和买烟的零钱是否齐全，前往某处先要了解该地是否禁烟，从事某些活动，也得要及时找到可以点烟之所，才感到心安理得……这种种考虑和限制都增加了吸烟者的心事和约束，而降低了他的自由和选择。
    说来说去，吸烟者都已自贬一级，沦为香烟的“阶下囚”了。这个无形的损失和实质的限制有多么大!社会在不断进步，吸烟有害和吸烟失礼的认识在不断加强。烟民聚集之处多是知识程度和社会地位低下的人群，文明世界的上流社会里吸烟行为已难以立足。有社会地位的人如不能洁身自好，而以吸烟者的面貌公开出现，便是自损形象和自贬身价了。室内吸烟，烟灰四散，污染空气，谁在现场谁受害。室外吸烟，烟头遍地，破坏环境的清洁和卫生。所以，无论是在哪里吸烟都是污染环境，可谓一无是处。
    由吸烟而引起的各种疾病不是不可逆转的，只要戒烟后，都能改善或痊愈，恢复健康。一般吸烟者对吸烟的种种有害之处大多是一知半解，或不求甚解。他们要维持自己无法戒除或不想戒除的吸烟习惯，就不会对吸烟有害做深入切实的探讨。唯有吸烟者对吸烟有害在认识上迈进一步，他们才会兴起戒烟念头，最后走上戒烟成功之路。
选项
答案 Smoking and Health It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. Smoking has been determined to be related to many sorts of human diseases. Smoking irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lung, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. Nicotine in tobacco can be stimulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological processes that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It is an undeniable fact that smoking is not only harmful to the smoker itself, but the harm to the second-hand smokers is even severe. Meanwhile, outdoor smoking generates garbage like cigarettes’ butts and boxes, which contaminate the environment by pollute soil. Moreover, smoking can constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting. To concern this issue, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking. And propagandize of quitting is worldwide to make people realize that a variety of diseases caused by smoking is not irreversible. Health can be restored as long as smoking cessation. Only when the smokers are truly determined to build a new life style can they get rid of this kind of bad manner.
解析 审题时要着重注意题目要求，看清题干的主旨和细节，防止遗漏要点和信息。文章结构需精简但要合理组织语言。这是一篇关于吸烟与健康关系的说明文，抓住每段中心点，分段陈述吸烟的各方面危害。
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