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  3. Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

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问题     Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫)and force.
    Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion.
    The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach.
    The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.
    Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is______.
选项 A、well accepted by Joseph Nye
B、very influential till nowadays
C、based on sound theories
D、contrary to that of modern leadership theories
答案D
解析 本题的信息点是Mr．Machiavelli’s idea of hard power“Machiavelli先生的硬权力的思想”并限定在前两段。解答此类问题时，我们一定要在所限定的段落把涉及题目信息点的语句进行拉网式排查，先从语言角度理解相关各句，再回头对各旬表述的信息进行整理，最后把各句表述的信息与题目所给的四个选项逐一对比，做出正确选择。在阅读查找本题信息点时，我们会发现在本文前两段中真正涉及到Machiavelli对硬权力看法的语句是在第二段最后两句。在上文介绍了Machiavelli的研究结论之后，接下来写到In short，hard power is preferable to soft power．But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion．“简而言之，硬权力比软权力更好。但是当代研究领导力的专家们却通过研究得出了截然相反的结论。”由此我们可以看出文章中关于Machiavelli对硬权力的看法是1)硬权力比软权力好；2)现代领导学理论与Machiavelli的结论相反。由此确定本题答案为D项。
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