首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string da
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string da
admin
2013-04-25
21
问题
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string dangling in a glass of salt water. Many children before and since have done the same, but in Hodgkin’s case, the sparkling geometric shapes
kindled
a fascination that would lead her to world fame. In 1964, nearly half a century later, Hodgkin received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12 from photographic images of their crystals. She made the images with a technique called x-ray crystallography, which involves firing x-rays through a crystal to determine the arrangement of the atoms in it. It is a bit like determining the shape of a jungle gym from its shadow.
Born in 1910, Hodgkin spent the first few years of her life in Cairo, where her father was an official in the British colonial government. Most of her education had been at home, but once back at school in England, her keen interest in crystals won the attention of her schoolteacher. Hodgkin and a friend got special permission to join the boys studying chemistry. By age 12, she was doing chemistry experiments on rocks she found in her garden to see what they contained. That summer, while visiting her father in Khartoum, Sudan, she met Dr. A. E. Joseph, a friend of her father’s and a well-known soil chemist. Joseph took her on a tour of his laboratory. Pleased by her intense interest, he put together a small chemistry set for her, which she took back to England and set up in her mother’s attic. It was her first laboratory.
Hodgkin enrolled at Oxford University, where she eventually specialized in x-ray crystallography. At the time, the analysis of the structures of even the simplest chemicals by x-ray crystallography required at least 30 sets of calculations, all done by hand. The work
demanded
perseverance and diligence, and a good head for math. Under these conditions, Hodgkin flourished. Seeking a greater challenge after college, Hodgkin went to Cambridge to study with a young crystallographer named J.D. Bernal. Together they solved some of the most complex chemical structures ever attempted, including
those
of several vitamins and sex hormones. They took the first x-ray photographs of a protein—the stomach enzyme pepsin—showing that proteins form regular crystals. In 1937, Hodgkin received her doctorate. Within a few months, she also married historian Thomas Hodgkin, taking his name. The Hodgkins were a two-career family, working in different towns and
commuting
on alternate weekends to see each other. Dorothy Hodgkin remained at Oxford, where she continued her research, taught university classes, and raised three children. When the demand for penicillin soared during World War Ⅱ, chemists all over the world raced to determine its structure. Experimental chemists used chemical reactions. Structural chemists, such as Hodgkin, used crystallography. Despite daunting calculations, Hodgkin and her students at Oxford completed the structure in 1949, beating the experimental chemists and establishing x-ray crystallography as an indispensable tool in biochemistry. Even as Hodgkin was finishing her analysis of penicillin, however, she had already begun a study of B12, widely used to treat pernicious anemia. In 1957, she published the structure of this 180-atom molecule. (A) [■] When she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964, she told a group of students at the ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, that she hoped her position as the only woman to receive the prize that year "will not be so very uncommon in the future, as more and more women carry out research in the same way as men".
(B) [■] But what was perhaps Hodgkin’s greatest success came after the Nobel Prize, when she tackled the biggest molecule of her career. Insulin, a protein that regulates the body’s sugar storage, contains over 1000 atoms.
(C) [■] A deficiency in or insensitivity to insulin causes diabetes, a complex disease that causes suffering in several hundred million people worldwide. Hodgkin solved the structure of insulin in only five years.
(D) [■] Her achievement proved that proteins have regular shapes, and it spawned research that ultimately led to effective treatments for diabetes.
The word commuting in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to______.
选项
A、communicating
B、traveling
C、inflating
D、wandering
答案
B
解析
本题为词汇题,主要考查考生根据上下文对单词commuting的理解。commuting所在句“The Hodgkins were a two-career family, working in different towns and commuting on alternate weekends to see each other (因为Hodgkin夫妇是双职工,他们俩在不同的城镇工作,所以他们周末轮流往返于两地和对方相见)”。将四个选项A(交流)、B(旅行)、C(使通货膨胀)和D(徘徊)分别代入,只有选项B合适,所以选B项。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/z7lYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Questions36-40Decidewhichstatementistrueineachcaseandwritethecorrespondingletteronyouranswersheet.
WhichTWOmaterialscanbeusedasasubstratum?A.oxygen-richsolutionB.coconutfibreC.mineralwoolD.rock
familyfriends
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Researchingtheoriginofmedievalmanus
WhatdoesLindathinkaboutthebooksonMatthew’sreadinglist?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswerENVIRONMENTALCHANGEDISCUSSIONInSouthe
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.DRIVINGSCHOOLExampleAnswerLookingfordrivingless
A、ItdividesintoTwodifferentparts.B、Itkeepsthesamechemicalstructure.C、Itbecomespartofanewchemicalcompound.D、I
"TheHydrologicCycle"→Thehydrologiccycleisthetransferofwaterfromtheoceanstotheatmospheretothelandandback
"GroupDecisionMaking"AdvantagesofGroupDecisionMaking→Committees,taskforces,andadhocgroupsarefrequently
随机试题
《四姐妹》的作者是()
胃灼热感,胸骨后钻入性上腹痛伴吞咽困难,首先考虑
诊断肝性脑病最有价值的辅助检查是
建筑物现值是建筑物的原始购建价格扣除使用过程中的折旧(价值减损)后的余额。()
下列项目中,计算应纳税所得额时可按发生额据实扣除的有()。计算应纳税所得额时,准许扣除的销售费用和管理费用为()万元。
下列各项中,不在所有者权益变动表中列示的项目是()。
下列关于房地产企业土地增值税清算的说法错误的是()。
()是学习者通过亲自接触和广泛了解教育现状,对取得的第一手资料进行分析和研究,以发现某些规律或倾向性问题的学习方法。
设总体X的密度函数为f(x)=,(X1,X2,…,Xn)为来自总体X的简单随机样本.求θ的矩估计量;
G.Barela,afamousfootballplayer,was______toManchesterUnitedin2013byamillionpounds.
最新回复
(
0
)