2. 外语
  3. Most of the world’s victims of AIDS live—and, at an alarming rate, die—in Africa. The number of people living with AIDS in Afric

Most of the world’s victims of AIDS live—and, at an alarming rate, die—in Africa. The number of people living with AIDS in Afric

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问题     Most of the world’s victims of AIDS live—and, at an alarming rate, die—in Africa. The number of people living with AIDS in Africa was estimated at 26.6 million in late 2003. New figures to be published by the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS (UNAIDS), the special UN agency set up to deal with the pandemic, will probably confirm its continued spread in Africa, but they will also show whether the rate of spread is constant, increasing or falling.
    AIDS is most prevalent in Eastern and Southern Africa, with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya having the greatest numbers of sufferers; other countries severely affected include Botswana and Zambia. AIDS was raging in Eastern Africa—where it was called "slim", after the appearance of victims wasting away—within a few years after its emergence was established in the world in 1981. One theory of the origin of the virus and syndrome suggests that they started in the eastern Congo basin; however, the conflicting theories about the origin of AIDS are highly controversial and politicized, and the controversy is far from being settled.
    Measures being taken all over Africa include, first of all, campaigns of public awareness and device, including advice to remain faithful to one sexual partner and to use condoms. The latter advice is widely ignored or resisted owing to natural and cultural aversion to condoms and to Christian and Muslim teaching, which places emphasis instead on self-restraint.
    An important part of anti-AIDS campaigns, whether organized by governments, nongovernmental organizations or both, is the extension of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). In addition, medical research has found a way to help sufferers, though not to cure them.
     Funds for anti-AIDS efforts are provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and affected communities around the world; the fund was launched following a call by the UN Secretary-General in 2001. However, much more is needed if the spread of the pandemic is to be at least halted.
选项
答案 世界上大多数艾滋病患者生活在非洲，并以惊人的速度大批死亡。据估计，2003年底非洲的艾滋病患者达到2660万人。联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署是联合国为对付艾滋病而设立的专门机构，该机构将要公布的最新数字可能证实艾滋病还在非洲继续蔓延，但同时也可以说明它蔓延的速度是维持不变，或在加快，还是在放慢。 艾滋病最猖獗的地区是非洲的东部和南部，在南非、津巴布韦和肯尼亚患者人数最多，疫情严重的国家还包括博茨瓦纳和赞比亚。1981年艾滋病的出现在世界上得到确认，没过几年，这种病就在非洲东部流行起来——当地人管它叫“瘦病”，因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦。关于这种病毒的发源地，一种说法是发源于东刚果盆地；然而关于艾滋病来源的说法不一，很有争议，且带有浓厚的政治色彩；这场争论至今还远未结束。 整个非洲都在采取措施，最主要的是提高公众意识和防范手段，包括建议忠实于一个性伴侣和使用避孕套。人们一般不愿使用避孕套，因为不习惯，还有文化方面的原因，同时它也不符合基督教和伊斯兰教的教义，它们更强调自我约束。 在防止艾滋病的活动中，重要的一项就是提倡“自愿就医检查”，这项活动，有的是政府组织的，有的是民间组织的，也有的是政府和民间共同组织的。此外，医学研究也已找到厂一种办法，虽然不能治愈，也可对患者有所帮助。 “全球预防艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾基金会”是世界各国政府部门、市民社会、私人企业和患病群体的一个协作机构，是应联合国秘书长的号召，于2001年发起成立的。这一机构为防治艾滋病的各项活动提供资金。然而，即便只是为了制止艾滋病的蔓延，这也是远远不够的。
解析     1．people living with AIDS
    理解结构采分点。
    根据上下文，这里的主语指的是“艾滋病人”，而不是“和艾滋病人生活在一起的人们”。
    2．New figures to be published by the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS(UNAIDS), the special UN agency set up to deal with the pandemic, will probably confirm its continued spread in Africa, but they will also show whether the rate of spread is constant, increasing or falling．联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署是联合国为对付艾滋病而设立的专门机构，该机构将要公布的最新数字可能证实艾滋病还在非洲继续蔓延，但同时也可以说明它蔓延的速度是维持不变，或在加快，还是在放慢。
    理解结构采分点。
    同位语the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS(UNAIDS), the special UN agency set up to deal with the pandemic可以被翻译成一个独立的句子，放在译文的开头，即，“联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署是联合国为对付艾滋病而设立的专门机构”；翻译时，要注意修饰主语的动词不定式to be published。不定式多表示将来要发生的动作，所以，译文应是“将要公布的”。whether一词可以不译出。
    3．the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS(UNAIDS)联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署。
    用词选词采分点。
    专有名词翻译。
    4．AIDS is most prevalent in Eastern and Southern Africa, with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya having the greatest numbers of sufferers; other countries severely affected include Botswana and Zambia．艾滋病最猖獗的地区是非洲的东部和南部，在南非、津巴布韦和肯尼亚患者人数最多，疫情严重的国家还包括博茨瓦纳和赞比亚。
    理解结构采分点。
    原文是一个含有两个分句的并列句。泽文应是一个完整的长句，内含三个独立
    短句。原文的第一个分句中的独立主格结构with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya having the greatest numbers of sufferers译成独立的句子与其他两个分句并列。
    5．Zimbabwe and Kenya津巴布韦和肯尼亚。
    基本素质采分点。
    Zimbabwe(津巴布韦)，Kenya(肯尼亚)均为表国家的专有名词。
    6．AIDS was raging in Eastern Africa—where it was called "slim", after the appearance of victims wasting away—within a few years after its emergence was established in the world in 1981．1981年艾滋病的出现在世界上得到确认，没过几年，这种病就在非洲东部流行起来—当地人管它叫“瘦病”，因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦。
    理解结构采分点。
    采用重组翻译法。首先把状语within a few years after its emergence was established in the world in 1981的译文放在整个大句的句首，然后再译主句，最后译破折号之间部分，where引导的从句要译成一个原因句。after引导的介词短语要翻译成表示原因的从句，即，“因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦”。摆脱了原文和句子形式的约束，能使译文结构清楚、流畅、自然。
    7．slim瘦病。
    用词选词采分点。
    slim本意指“苗条、纤细”。文中加上引号表示特殊意义。后文说得了这种病的“患者的容貌是日渐消瘦”，那么综合来看，译为“瘦病”是很好，也是很自然的。
    8．Measures being taken all over Africa include, first of all, campaigns of public awareness and device, including advice to remain faithful to one sexual partner and to use condoms．整个非洲都在采取措施，最主要的是提高公众意识和防范手段，包括建议忠实于一个性伴侣和使用避孕套。
    理解结构采分点。
    原文是一个简单句，但译文应把主语及作定语的现在分词短语Measures being taken all over Africa译成一句话。采用增词法给public awareness和device两个名词及名词性短语增添谓语或定语，译为“提高公众意识和防范手段”。采用减词法，对campaign省略不译，做到了增词不增意，减词不减意。
    9．The latter advice is widely ignored or resisted owing to natural and cultural aversion to condoms and to Christian and Muslim teaching, which places emphasis instead on self restraint．人们一般不愿使用避孕套，因为不习惯，还有文化方面的原因，同时它也不符合基督教和伊斯兰教的教义，它们更强调自我约束。
    理解结构采分点。
    各种语言的词汇、句子结构等都不是完全对应的，在翻译时，要尊重目标语的表达习惯。本句中的the latter advice指的是上句的to use condoms，因此，为便于汉语表达，翻译时应重复前面提到的具体内容，而不宜照字面意思翻译，因为，汉语重复现象较多。同样，直译ignored和resisted两动词，也不符合汉语的习惯。主句中的The latter advice is widely ignored or resisted是被动语态，因汉语多用主动语态，应译成“人们一般不愿使用避孕套”。表示原因的介词短语 owing to natural and cultural aversion to condoms and to Christian and Muslim teaching可译成独立的句子。形容词natural和cultural是修饰名词性短语aversion to(厌恶)的，但直译成“天生的和文化的厌恶”不符合汉语表达方式，所以，译成“因为不习惯，还有文化方面的原因”较好。and后面部分to Christian and Muslim teaching是与owing to后面的成分平行的，翻译时增加动词“不符合”为好。
    10．Christian and Muslim teaching基督教和伊斯兰教的教义。
    基本素质采分点。
    Christian基督教，Muslim穆斯林，teaching教义：the teachings of the Church教会的教义。
    11．An important part of anti-AIDS campaigns, whether organized by governments, nongovernmental organizations or both, is the extension of voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)．在防止艾滋病的活动中，重要的一项就是提倡“自愿就医检查”，这项活动，有的是政府组织的，有的是民间组织的，也有的是政府和民间共同组织的。
    理解结构采分点。
    采用重组翻译法。首先要翻译的是，主语部分的定语of anti—AIDS campaigns在译文中应该译成状语，“在防止艾滋病的活动中”；其次，完成主干句An important part... is the extension of voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)．的翻译；最后是把短语whether organized by governments, nongovernmental organizations or both译成一个完整的句子“这项活动，有的是政府组织的，有的是民间组织的，也有的是政府和民间共同组织的”。extension通常指“延伸”，这里应该译成动词“提倡”才符合语境。
    12．Funds for anti-AIDS efforts are provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and affected communities around the world; the fund was launched following a call by the UN Secretary General in 2001．“全球预防艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾基金会”是世界各国政府部门、市民社会、私人企业和患病群体的一个协作机构，是应联合国秘书长的号召，于2001年发起成立的。这一机构为防治艾滋病的各项活动提供资金。
    理解结构采分点。
    采用拆译翻译法。首先把同位语the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and affected communities around the world译成一个句子，“‘全球预防艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾基金会’是世界各国政府部门、市民社会、私人企业和患病群体的一个协作机构”，然后把分句the fund was launched following a call by the UN Secretary General in 2001翻译成与上面的句子并列的动宾结构，“是应联合国秘书长的号召，于2001年发起成立的”组成一个完整的汉语句子。最后再翻译句子的主干Funds for anti-AIDS efforts are provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria...“这—机构为防治艾滋病的各项活动提供资金。”这样，原文的一句话，拆译成两句。把英语句子的词、词组或从句从主干句中拆出来单独处理，把她们放在适当位置，如，置于句首，或置于句尾，以利于句子的总体安排，避免造成行文上的梗阻。
    13．UN Secretary-General联合国秘书长。
    基本素质采分点。
    general总的、首席的：the Attorney-，Inspector-，Governor-，Secretary-，etc．General首席检察官、监察长、总督、总书记。
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