2. 外语
  3. CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example,

CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example,

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问题                                         CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION
    (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example, the feeling of embarrassment, which triggers a physiological response that may cause blushing, is caused by a foolish act committed in the company of friends. Although this description of an embarrassing reaction seems logical, the American psychologist William James, in 1884, believed that the course of an emotional experience follows another sequence of events.
    (2) Following the argument of James, what subjective experience tells us is completely the opposite of the sequence of events in an emotional experience. First, he insisted that both physiological excitement and physical reaction are generated by an incident. Only then does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. That is, we associate blushing that is caused by physical reaction with embarrassment, such as saying something silly may cause us to blush. In 1890, James went on to claim that "people feel sorry because they cry, furious because they strike, afraid because they shudder. " Simultaneously with James’ proposition, Carl Lange, a Danish physiologist and psychologist, independently formulated virtually similar theory. The James-Lange theory of emotion (Lange and James, 1922) suggests that different patterns of arousal in the autonomic nervous system create the different emotions people feel, and that physiological arousal occurs prior to the emotion perceived.
    (3) In 1927, another early theory of emotion that challenged the James-Lange theory was proposed by Walter Cannon. He claimed that physical changes caused by diverse emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another. [A] After Cannon stated his original theory, in 1934, it was further developed by physiologist Philip Bard. [B] The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that the following chain of events takes place when an emotion is felt. [C] Stimuli which trigger emotion are received by the senses and then are relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which imparts the conscious mental experience of the emotion to the sympathetic nervous system, which generates the physiological state of arousal. [D] In other words, the feeling of emotion occurs roughly the same time when the physiological arousal is experienced. One does not cause the other.
    (4) In 1962, Schachter and Singer proposed a two-factor theory of emotion. Schachter thought that the early theories of emotion excluded a critical component, the subjective cognitive interpretation of why a state of arousal has occurred. According to this theory, two things must happen in order for a person to feel an emotion. At first, the person must experience physiological arousal. Then, for the person who can label it as specific emotion, there must be a cognitive interpretation or explanation. Thus, Schachter delivered the conclusion that a true emotion can appear only if a person is physically aroused and can find the reason for it. When people are in a state of physiological arousal but do not know why they are aroused, they tend to label the state as an emotion that is appropriate to their situation at the time. There were several attempts to replicate the findings of this theory, but they have not been successful.
    (5) Richard Lazarus, in 1990, proposed the emotion theory that most heavily emphasizes the cognitive aspect. According to his theory, the first step in an emotional response is cognitive appraisal, and all other aspects of emotion, including physiological arousal, rely on the cognitive appraisal. This theory is most compatible with the subjective experience of an emotion’s sequence of events—the sequence that William James reversed long ago. People first appraise a stimulus, or an event, when they encounter it. This cognitive appraisal determines whether the person will have an emotional response, and, if so, what type of response. From this appraisal, the physiological arousal and all other aspects of the emotion arise. In brief, Lazarus contends that emotions are roused when cognitive appraisals of events or circumstances are positive or negative—but not neutral.
    (6) Some critics criticize the Lazarus theory by saying that some emotional reactions are instantaneous, which means they occur too rapidly to pass through a cognitive appraisal. In response to the criticisms, Lazarus remarks that some mental processing occurs without conscious awareness, meaning that a person should not know what he or she is responding to or what emotion to feel, or else, some form of cognitive realization must manifest but brief.
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
There has been a controversy among researchers about the sequence of events in an emotional experience.
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Answer Choices
(A) Cognitive appraisal probably does not play a large role in an emotional experience, evidenced by the very brief span of time between an event and an emotional reaction.
(B) Two early theories of emotion both assert that different emotions result from distinct changes in the body that correspond to particular emotions.
(C) There is a disagreement among researchers who emphasize the cognitive aspect of an emotion about whether cognitive interpretation comes before or after physiological arousal.
(D) Theories in disagreement with each other about the sequence of events in emotional experience concentrate on the extent to which cognition and interpretation are involved in an emotional experience.
(E) Some theories claim that physiological arousal comes either before or at the same time as the feeling of an emotion, and contradict the subjective experience of emotion.
(F) The Lazarus theory emphasized that an emotion comes from a positive or negative appraisal of a physiological arousal.
选项
答案C,D,E
解析 本题属于文章总结题。C项“对于认知解释是发生在生理唤醒之前还是之后，强调情绪认知方面的研究者之间存在分歧”是对第4、5段的概括，因为第4段主要讲述认知解释应在生理唤醒之后，而第5段主要讲述认知解释应在生理唤醒之前，均属于文章的主要观点，故选。D项“对情绪体验中事件顺序持不同看法的理论，都专注于讨论情绪体验中涉及的认知和阐释程度”是对全文的概括总结。E项“一些理论认为，生理唤醒要么早于感知情绪，要么与感知情绪同时产生，并与情绪的主观感受相矛盾”是对文章第1、2、3段的概括总结，均为文章的主要观点，故选。A项“认知评价在情绪体验中可能作用不大，从事件发生到产生情绪反应的用时非常短，这就证明了这一点”，第5段讲述了认知评价的重要性，第6段给出了拉扎勒斯对这种说法的解释和回应，故排除A项。B项“两个早期的情绪理论都断言，不同的情绪是由身体中与特定情绪相对应的不同变化引起的”错误——首先，该项的Two early theories指代模糊；并且，在早期的情绪理论中，主观感受所指出的情绪体验过程是先有情绪，后有生理反应；而坎农.巴德情绪理论则认为，生理反应和感知情绪同时发生。因此，该项的表述模糊且不符合文意。F项“拉扎勒斯理论强调，情绪来自对生理唤醒的积极或消极评价”，第5段末句说的是情绪来自对“事件或环境”的积极或消极评价。
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