首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Young child
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Young child
admin
2014-11-29
34
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Young children’s sense of identity
A A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.
B According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled ’self-as-subject’, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to act), and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.
C Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.
D This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child’s understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.
E Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as ’themselves’. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the ’self-as-object’. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
F Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’s understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the ’looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: "The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.’
G Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present.
H Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ’self and of ’ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study
选项
答案
G
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/riEYFFFM
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeexpressedastheproductofexactly3consecutivepositiveintegers?
A、summarizethemainpointoftherefutationtotheargumentdiscussedinthepassageB、explainwhythehypothesisundercritici
Thedistinctionbetweenmakingartandthinkingandwritingaboutitshouldimplyneitheramutualexclusivenessnorahi
CORRECTIVE:AMEND::
African-Americanfilmmakersshouldbeinanenviableposition,forsincetheearly1990stherehasbeenasteadywaveof
Astheyearswentby,Kingsley’slettersdisplayedhimdecliningintoaconstantofaestheticintolerance;hedisplayed______di
Theprimaryimpulseofeachhumanbeingisto______himself,butthesecondaryimpulseistoventureoutoftheself,tocorrect
Wemustlearnto______sentencesandtoanalyzethegrammarofourtext,forthereisno______tothegrammarofpoetry,tothene
Sendingarobotintospacetogatherinformationiscertainlyaviableoption,Linebutshouldberegardedonlyasthat--anopt
Howisanewbornstarformed?Fortheanswertothisquestion,wemustlooktothefamiliarphysicalconceptofgravitat
随机试题
马克思列宁主义与中国实际相结合的第一次历史性飞跃的理论成果是()。
构成脂质体的膜材是
下列关于行政许可实施程序中的听证程序的表述,错误的有()。
金融市场有()功能。
在城市的地理要素中,()是城市最为独特的特征要素。
甲公司为集团公司,其子公司与政府之间的交易或事项如下(不考虑增值税等相关税费及其他因素):资料一:子公司A公司作为一家生产和销售高效照明产品的企业,参与了国家组织的高效照明产品推广的招标会,并以8000万元的价格中标,同时获得财政补贴资金5000
下列关于责任成本的说法中,正确的有()。
概率是对随机现象的统计规律进行研究的数学学科,在研究方法上与以往所学的确定性数学有所不同,学生在初次学习概率时常会感到不适应、理解不透彻,结果导致种种错误。请结合自己的实际分析一下概率学习中常见的错误。
论述中世纪大学的特征及意义。
早期的______结构网络操作系统中,人们通常是在局域网中安装一台或几台带有大容量的硬盘服务器,以便为网络工作站提供服务。
最新回复
(
0
)