首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such
admin
2013-08-12
33
问题
Global Developments
Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed countries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality.
Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernization theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had
rudimentary
, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they now have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize. Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as "modern" features spread from the developed to the less developed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence.
What kinds of change does modernization
entail
? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire for achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more traditional societies.(A)
Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.(B)
Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started.(C)
Similarly, modernization involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.(D)
On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate in less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place.
Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relationships among the developed and the less developed countries.
This international system consists of a "core" of highly industrialized countries, and a "periphery" of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core.
World-system theorists point out that the peoples of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before "modern" ideas and technologies began to "diffuse" from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century, But by then a new international relationship had been established: neocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that
the former
are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a disproportionate share of the planet’s resources and using various means—political, economic, and sometimes military—to maintain their position.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about the process of modernization?
选项
A、Countries do not develop in isolation, but in a context of fierce international, political, and economic competition.
B、Modernization in the third world may still be impeded by the legacy of colonial dependency.
C、People in less developed countries are more likely to adopt an extended family system.
D、A country’s economic, social and cultural changes will speed up its process from a pre-industrial to industrial society.
答案
D
解析
本题为事实信息题,主要考查考生抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰选项的能力,即需要找出四个选项中哪项最正确地反映了作者关于现代化体系的观点。第二段的最后一句表达了作者的观点:发展程度不同的原因主要是由于现代化的发展进程不平衡。但是,当“现代化”的特点从发达国家传播到不发达国家,这些国家也会进入工业化和富裕阶段。由此可知答案为D,即一个国家的经济、社会和文化变化会加快它从前工业化走向工业化社会的发展进程。而其他选项均不是作者的观点。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/lqhYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethetable.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Thefocusofthelectureseriesison______
CircleTHREElettersA~F.WhattypesoffilmsdoesLouiselike?(A)Action(B)Comedies(C)Musicals(D)Romance(E)Westerns(F)Wild
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.SCHEDULEOFACTIONRead’Approache
Themanwantsinformationoncoursesfor
WhatdoSharonandXiaoLiagreewasthestrongestaspectoftheirpresentation?
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Waterishighlyproneto______
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.MuseumofAnthropology
RECRUITMENTPROCESSSTEPONECompletea【L7】________STEPTWODoa【L8】________aboutpersonalskillsSTEPTHREEParticipateina
随机试题
A、Itexposedhimtomarvelousscenery.B、Itbroughthimoverwhelmingshock.C、Itgavehimgreatsatisfaction.D、Itmadehimextr
为保证样品待测试液质量浓度在标准曲线线性范围内,可以适当调整试液定容体积和稀释倍数。
男孩,10岁。因高度水肿及大量蛋白尿,予波尼松60mg/d治疗10周,病情未缓解来诊。查体:T36.5℃,P80次/分,R18次/分,颜面明显水肿,面色苍白,肺部未闻及啰音,心(一),腹部较膨隆,肝脾触及不清,四肢明显水肿。实验室检查蛋白尿(+++)
A.舒筋丸B.牛黄抱龙丸C.三七伤药片D.活血止痛散E.三品一条枪内含朱砂的中成药是
女性,40岁,子宫全切术后4天,腹部胀痛难忍,腹部叩诊呈鼓音。护士遵医嘱为其肛管排气时见排气不畅,护士可
某拟建工程由甲、乙、丙三个施工过程组成;该工程共划分成四个施工流水段,每个施工过程在各个施工流水段上的流水节拍如下表所示。按相关规范规定,施工过程乙完成后其相应施工段至少要养护2d才能进入下道工序。为了尽早完工,经过技术攻关,实现了施工过程乙在施工过程甲完
B注册会计师是会计师事务所派往K公司执行2006年度财务报表审计项目负责人。助理人员在对存货及相关内部控制的测试时,有些问题需要B注册会计师确定,请你代为作出正确的专业判断。
①以体现一个国家经济形势的危机状况②并不预示着一个围家马上就会改换门庭③国家有别于企业的最显著特点是“国家主权神圣不可侵犯”④“国家破产”更像是一个形容词⑤而不是一个动词将以上5个句子重新排列,语序正确的是
在下图中,与查询设计器的筛选标签中所设置的筛选功能相同的表达式是()。
Thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguageiscalled
最新回复
(
0
)