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  3. Twins to Impaired Fertility of Women A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impres

Twins to Impaired Fertility of Women A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impres

admin2013-06-05  45
问题                     Twins to Impaired Fertility of Women
    A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impression. The mere presence of a boy in the same womb as his sister causes her to develop bigger teeth than she otherwise would. Girls with twin brothers perform better on spatial ability tests. They have better ball skills than most females and are more likely to be short-sighted. Now it seems that sharing the womb also has a harmful effect on the sexual reproduction of women with a twin brother.
    Virpi Lummaa of the University of Sheffield, in Britain, and her colleagues made the claim after studying detailed data from several generations of church records from many parishes in Finland. They report that women with a twin brother were 15% less likely to get married than were women with a twin sister. Those with a male twin also had a 25% lower chance of giving birth even though they lived just as long as those with a female twin. When the researchers considered only married women, those with a twin brother on average had two fewer children during their lifetimes than did women with a twin sister.
    And finally—to rule out any influence of sharing a house as well as a womb—Dr. Lu-mmaa checked the results were the same for women whose twin brothers died before they were three months old. The researchers reported their findings in this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
    As with the teeth, the supposed cause of untypical female biology is early exposure to testosterone. This hormone is made by a male fetus’s developing testes from about seven weeks after conception and is thought to diffuse, thus influencing his sister’s growth. But the exact mechanism by which a twin brother lowers his sister’s chances of reproductive success is unclear.
    Dr. Lummaa’s results also suggest that, if a woman wishes to maximize the chances of passing on her genes, she would do better to avoid producing pairs of twins consisting of one boy and one girl and go for a single-sex combination instead. Mothers included in the study who produced opposite-sex twins had 19% fewer grandchildren than did mothers who gave birth to same-sex twins.
    Evolutionary theory thus predicts that there should be fewer pairs of girl-and-boy non-identical twins than single-sex pairs of non-identical twins. Whether that is so requires another set of figures. Finnish church records, helpful as they are, do not distinguish non-identical same-sex twins from identical ones. In the eyes of God, unlike those of natural selection, twin girls are created equal.
It can be inferred from Para. 4 that
选项 A、maternal genes have slight chances of passing on through same-sex twins
B、single-sex combination boasts more chances of inheriting maternal genes
C、women should avoid producing opposite-sex twins to maximize their genes
D、maternal genes diminishes through generations especially through same-sex twins
答案B
解析 推理判断题。定位在第四段。该段指出如果女性希望最大限度将自身基因传递下去，她就该避免生育龙凤胎，而应设法生育同性双胞胎，故可推得同性双胞胎遗传母亲的基因几率更大，B项正确，而A项中slight chances(可能性微乎其微)与事实相反；C项中提到女性应该避免生育龙风胎这一论点是正确的，但是“目的是使基因最大化”的表述错误，因为原文中提到的是使基因遗传下去的几率最大化，故C项错误；原文指出如果龙凤胎一代代延续下去，那么遗传到的来自母亲的基因将会越来越少，D项把条件张冠李戴成了同性双胞胎。
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