首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
admin
2014-09-30
31
问题
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting
A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research company in North Carolina, it was a turning point in the government’s war on smoking. These were no ordinary cigarettes, but experimental ones, made of genetically altered tobacco to lower the nicotine content by 97 percent while preserving all the other tastes and smells and rituals for smokers of conventional cigarettes.
B)Researchers had been seeking a new and bigger supply because shortages had limited previous studies to just dozens of people. The experimental cigarettes are produced by a Massachusetts company, the 22nd Century Group, which holds 98 patents for genetic manipulation of tobacco plants to reduce or increase the amount of nicotine in cigarettes.
C)The National Institutes of Health(NIH)bought nine million of these cigarettes, marked "for research purposes only," from the 22nd Century Group as part of a broadening scientific effort to find ways to regulate cigarettes so that they are nonaddictive. The Spectrum brand test cigarettes have eight different levels of nicotine for research, from a nicotine content of 3 percent to 100 percent of the nicotine in the best-selling Marlboro Gold, though a 97 percent reduction is the most common level.
D)Dr. Nora D. Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the NIH, which oversees the work, called the delivery crucial for the new federal research projects. These include last month’s award of $2.5 million for the first year of a planned five-year series of studies into threshold(门槛)levels of nicotine addiction and the possible impact of a sharp reduction in nicotine on smoking and public health.
E)One study of the test cigarettes will follow about 500 smokers over six months to determine whether they are more likely to quit if they switch to those cigarettes quickly or gradually. The research, led by Dorothy K. Hatsukami, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, and Eric C. Donny, associate professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, will use about 1. 5 million of the recently acquired cigarettes.
F)For researchers, the availability of a new supply of test cigarettes is "a game changer," said Mitch Zeller, co-chairman of the Tobacco Harm Reduction Network at the National Cancer Institute and a consultant on nicotine replacement products. "It’s still all about the nicotine. Only now we have the power to do something about it."
G)At the same time, officials in the $ 80 billion tobacco industry have warned of unexpected side effects from addiction withdrawal and black market products, complex issues the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)will have to study in considering regulation. Under a 2009 law giving the FDA authority over tobacco products, the agency cannot ban nicotine, but can require that it be reduced to extremely low levels if that is proved to benefit public health.
H)"We really need to have good science to determine whether this might be a product standard, and to have good science, we need reduced-nicotine cigarettes," said Dr. Hatsukami, who is also a member of the FDA Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee. Her work stalled when companies stopped making very-low-nicotine cigarettes. "In the middle of a study, we don’t have the cigarettes," she said. "No one has ever sought FDA approval of a cigarette as a medical device," Joseph Pandolfino, the founder and chief executive of 22nd Century, said in an interview. Preliminary studies show smokers can have an easier time quitting if they cut down on the nicotine while still being able to do all the other things they do with cigarettes, he said, but larger studies are needed.
I)The growing industry of quit-smoking products has not further dented(削减)the rather steady rate of smoking recently in the United States, which has stayed at about 20 percent since 2004 after years of notable decline. A new crop of electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products seem aimed more at getting smokers through smoke-free times rather than quitting.
J)Earlier this month, the FDA and NIH also announced they were starting a $ 118 million study to track about 44 000 people over five years to assess usage trends, risk perception, quit-smoking attempts and the possible impact of new tobacco regulations. In 2006, a federal judge found that tobacco companies had designed cigarettes to precisely control the amount of nicotine and provide doses sufficient for addiction, while concealing much of their nicotine research. They marketed so-called light cigarettes, which delivered a lower dose to smoking machines because of holes in the filter, but the same dose or worse to smokers who compensated by covering the holes with their lips and drawing harder.
K)In two small studies by Dr. Hatsukami and Dr. Benowitz, the genetically altered cigarettes were found to defeat the phenomenon of smoker "compensation. " But researchers said they needed much more evidence. Tests so far on the experimental cigarettes are encouraging enough that Dr. Hatsukami is going into a Phase 3 clinical trial. That means Phase 2 trials have proven effectiveness on humans. Phase 3 measures both effectiveness and safety. 22nd Century is also planning to start Phase 3 trials next year. The studies are examining gradual or rapid reductions of nicotine. In a regulated marketplace, the government could set limits on nicotine and ratchet down(逐步减少). And teenagers could still experiment with cigarettes, as they are wont to do, without getting addicted.
L)"It’s a hot topic," said Clifford E. Douglas, director of the University of Michigan Tobacco Research Network. "But as difficult as menthol(薄荷醇)has been, nicotine will be more difficult, because it’s not 15 million smokers, it’s every smoker in the United States." The FDA’s advisory panel has not put nicotine on its agenda yet, which is why Dr. Gregory N. Connolly, a Harvard professor of public health and antismoking advocate, said he resigned from the FDA panel in December.
M)"After 50 years of knowing cigarettes cause cancer, it’s nice to know we have a supply we can investigate," Dr. Connolly said. "But the real issue is the FDA should have begun a process two years ago to see if we can eliminate nicotine in cigarettes, at least for children. If we can put a man on the moon, we can get rid of nicotine. "
As smokers had to cover the holes in the filter with their lips and drawing harder, the light cigarettes delivered the same dose or were worse to them.
选项
答案
J
解析
同义转述题。定位句说明了所谓的“淡味香烟”,用吸烟机测定其尼古丁剂量较低,原因在于过滤嘴周围有一些小洞。但为了获得(尼古丁)补偿,吸烟者会用嘴唇将小洞盖住,并把烟雾更深地吸入肺部,这样吸烟的危害并没有减少,甚至变得更糟。题干是对定位句的同义转述。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/at9FFFFM
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Peopledofewoccupationsrequirevigorousphysicalactivity.B、Computersmakepeoplesittingstillintheirsparetime.C、Mor
A、Tomwasnotanableathlete.B、Tomhadwonthegoldmedal.C、Tomhadviolatedtherules.D、Tomhadahealthproblem.C
A、Foolishpeople.B、Smartpeople.C、Talkativepeople.D、Forgetfulpeople.B
A、Publicserviceads.B、Healthproblems.C、Commercialads.D、Socialregulations.A
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
A、Peoplejumpedhigherthantheynormallycould.B、Asciencecorrespondentreportedapieceofstrangenews.C、Listenersdidn’t
Mendofarmorehouseworkthantheyaregivencreditfor,accordingtoresearchthatclaimswomendonotnoticebecausetheirma
AreBadTimesHealthy?A)Mostpeopleareworriedaboutthehealthoftheeconomy.Butdoestheeconomyalsoaffectyourhealth?
AreBadTimesHealthy?A)Mostpeopleareworriedaboutthehealthoftheeconomy.Butdoestheeconomyalsoaffectyourhealth?
随机试题
某患者行“胃大部切除术”,术后患者切口处疼痛,请列出对其疼痛应采取的护理措施。
患儿11个月,因睡眠不安、多汗、易惊来院就诊。体检可见明显方颅、肋骨串珠,诊断为佝偻病活动期。为预防佝偻病一般应服用维生素D至
还应向母亲询问的情况除了最具诊断价值的检查是
关于法人的说法,正确的是()。
国际开发机构申请在中国境内发行人民币债券应具备的条件有()。
英国剑桥大学专家称,早期人类的大脑比现代人类更大,而且现代人类比早期人类身材矮小10%。这项研究颠覆了此前的理论——现代人类伴随着进化变得更高、更强壮。科学家称,这种人类进化衰减性出现在过去一万年左右,很可能是由于农业的出现导致的,农业耕作出现之后,人类受
不正当竞争行为,经营者违反法律规定,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。下列哪一项不属于不正当竞争行为?()
香槟集市
用来控制、指挥和协调计算机各部件工作的是_______。
MoniquehasbeeninLondonfor【L5】______days.MoniqueistakingtheEnglishcoursetoimproveher【L6】______Englishandtosee【L7
最新回复
(
0
)