首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Observations of social play in several species of mammals indicate that individuals often depart from the usual social conventio
Observations of social play in several species of mammals indicate that individuals often depart from the usual social conventio
admin
2022-03-28
25
问题
Observations of social play in several species of mammals indicate that individuals often depart from the usual social conventions by, for example, alternating dominant and subordinate positions in ways that do not occur outside the play context. Some researchers have even suggested that individuals must follow a 50:50 rule during dyadic play (play between two individuals), so that each participant wins an equal proportion of play encounters. Commonly cited cooperative tactics used to equalize play include self-handicapping (participants make themselves more vulnerable to attacks by their opponents) and role reversal (individuals that are dominant in the nonplay context appear subordinate during play). Where such tactics occur among unevenly matched opponents, they appear to facilitate play by making play more appealing to the less advantaged player.
When Bauer and Smuts set out to study play behavior in domestic dogs, they made several predictions. They expected to find no significant sex differences in dogs’ play behavior. The motor skills dogs use in play fighting parallel those used in nonplayful aggression and hunting, areas in which dogs ’ behavior is relatively undifferentiated by sex. They also predicted that the advantages imparted by larger relative size, by the experience of age, and by higher dominance status would affect dogs’ dyadic play.
Existing research
on a variety of animal species suggests that individuals with such advantages often refrain from attacks and pursuits or engage in self-handicapping so as not to intimidate their play partners.
If this held true for dogs, larger, older, more dominant dogs would show more self-handicapping than their partners.
But Bauer and Smuts predicted instead that dogs would deviate from the hypothetical 50:50 rule, with advantaged individuals retaining their positions by performing the majority of attacks and pursuits and engaging in fewer self-handicapping behaviors than their partners, thus reinforcing existing hierarchies.
Bauer and Smuts’ three-year study of dogs’ dyadic play found that most dyads showed some degree of asymmetry (one dog winning more encounters than the other) and some dyads showed complete asymmetry. They also found that in general, older dogs performed more attacks and pursuits and that younger dogs engaged in more self-handicapping. Role reversal between dominant and subordinate individuals varied widely: several dyads never reversed dominance roles, a few reversed them frequently, and most reversed them occasionally.
Bauer and Smuts’ finding about asymmetry in dyadic play has several implications. First, it indicates that active self-handicapping and role reversals are not necessarily required for play to occur. Indeed, play often continued at length even when one partner always won. Second, since frequent role reversals occurred, it appears that normal status asymmetries are often significantly more relaxed in the play context. This suggests that role reversals, while not always necessary, probably do facilitate play.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
选项
A、contrast two different but closely related animal behaviors
B、present the findings of a particular study of animal behavior
C、account for a particular behavior observed in mammals
D、question the evidence used to support a hypothesis about a particular animal behavior
E、explain how the methodology of a particular study of animal behavior affected its findings
答案
B
解析
本题属于主旨题,答案为选项B。a particular study of animal behavior指的是鲍尔和斯穆茨对狗的游戏行为的研究。A项文中未提及。C项a particular behavior姑且可以认为是动物的游戏行为,或者认为是优势地位的动物会让着对方,但是account for表示解释某事件发生的原因,本文的重点并不在于游戏行为发生的原因。D项文中未提及。E项文中未提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/OxLYFFFM
本试题收录于:
GRE VERBAL题库GRE分类
0
GRE VERBAL
GRE
相关试题推荐
Australianresearchershavediscoveredelectroreceptors(sensoryorgansdesignedtorespondtoelectricalfields)clusteredatthe
AnadvertisementdesignedtoconvincereadersofthegreatdurabilityofautomobilesmanufacturedbytheDeluxeMotorCarCompan
Chris:Hundredsoftrafficaccidentsannuallyareattributabletothepoorconditionofourcity’sstreets.Thestreetsmustth
Sevencountriessignedatreatybindingeachofthemtoperformspecifiedactionsonacertainfixeddate,withtheactionsofe
Aprograminstitutedinaparticularstateallowsparentstoprepaytheirchildren’sfuturecollegetuitionatcurrentrates.Th
Theprogramtocontroltheentryofillegaldrugsintothecountrywasafailurein19Iftheprogramhadbeensuccessful,thewh
Apackageisneveracceptedfordeliverybythedeliveryserviceunlessitiswithintheestablishedsizelimits.Allpackagesa
Intendedprimarilytostimulatefamilysummertravel,thenewairfare,whichallowsbothanadultandachildtoflyforthepri
Corporationswillsoonberequiredtoreporttothegovernmentwhethertheyhavethenecessaryreservestopaythepensionbenef
Thesingerdisplayshersensitivitytodelicateshadesofmeaningandfeelingintherecording:herperformanceisamodelof___
随机试题
(2011年10月)领导者在处理事务中坚持一分为二、对立统一的方法,属于______。
用超声波水下法治疗时,操作错误的是
在处方书写中,“安瓿剂”可缩写为
衡量某因素与某疾病的关联强度的最好指标是
对流行性乙型脑炎具有诊断意义的特征性病变是
A.诺氟沙星B.磺胺异恶唑C.环丙沙星D.磺胺嘧啶银E.甲氧苄啶目前应用最广的氟喹诺酮类药是
具有绝热性能好、无毒、有消烟、可排除有毒气体、形成防火隔离层并对在火场灭火人员无害的泡沫灭火系统是()。
农历八月十五是中国传统节日中秋节,下面是中秋节别名的有()
设y=y(x)由方程ex+6xy+x2-1=0确定,求y’’(0).
CPU主要技术性能指标有
最新回复
(
0
)