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  3. This week a new enrollment study by the Council of Graduate Schools confirmed that American women are now earning more doctoral

This week a new enrollment study by the Council of Graduate Schools confirmed that American women are now earning more doctoral

admin2013-09-16  31
问题     This week a new enrollment study by the Council of Graduate Schools confirmed that American women are now earning more doctoral degrees than men. The report notes that men continue to dominate in engineering, mathematics, and the physical and computer sciences.
    These new numbers continue a trend that began in the late 1960s and early 70s, when more women started attending college with an eye toward a career rather than marriage immediately after graduation. As their numbers increased, more women also showed more interest in majors beyond teaching, nursing, and social work.
    Between 1970 and 2000, the number of women in graduate and professional schools was also rapidly expanding. By the 90s, women were earning the majority of master’s degrees, and over the last 10 years, became the majority in both medical and law schools. "This is part of a trend that we’re seeing across education, " says Hill. "More and more women are investing in education, in part because more and more women need to bring income into their households. "
    One place where women continue to be underrepresented, however, is among the nation’s tenured(终身的)professors. Part of the problem, Hill says, is that "universities and colleges are replacing more of their primarily male full-time faculty with assistant and temporary positions" to save money. The result is that the few tenured positions that open up are more competitive than ever. " Tenure(教授终身职位)is now set at a very high standard, "she says. "You can’t just be good, you have to be exceptional. "
    "The main years when they are being evaluated for tenure—the first five to six years of their academic careers—tend to coincide with their early 30s, when many women want to start a family. They find themselves in a very tough time-squeeze, " she says. "Some of the best scholars are excluded from the tenured ranks, not because they aren’t the most talented or productive, but because these years are not representative of their entire career. "
    Now that women dominate the Ph. D. ranks, and more women are taking jobs as university presidents, maybe they can exert more influence over how tenure decisions are made in coming years, Hill adds. Even among the universities that are starting to offer some family flexibility to both male and female candidates, she says, many women are still waiting for proof that administrators "will honor those policies and won’t unfairly treat people who take time to raise a family. "
The replacement of universities’ full-time faculty for assistants and temporary positions makes today’s tenured positions more ______.
选项
答案competitive
解析 根据题干关键词replacement，full—time faculty，assistants and temporary positions定位到原文第四段第二、三句：…“universities and colleges are replacing more of their primarily male full-time faculty with assistant and temporary positions”to save money．The result is that the few tenured positions that open up are more competitive than ever．可知，“大学和学院正在用助手和临时职位取代男性全职教员”，目的是为了省钱。结果少数开放的终身职位比以前竞争更激烈。故应填人competitive。
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