首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Darwin and His Theory Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become a【1】in the Church of En
Darwin and His Theory Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become a【1】in the Church of En
admin
2011-01-02
31
问题
Darwin and His Theory
Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become a【1】in the Church of England. Later he accepted an invitation to serve as an unpaid naturalist on the H. M. S. Beagle, and joined in the【2】scientific expedition to the Pacific coast of South America in 1831. The book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 and amused a storm of【3】. He continued to write and publish his works on biology throughout his life. He died on 1882 and lies buried in Westminster Abbey.
Darwin’s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic "descent with【4】", the result of which is an entirely different organism.
What Darwin brought to the old philosophy of evolution is a new mechanism called "natural selection". It acts to preserve and【5】minor advantageous genetic mutations. It is the preservation of a【6】advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Similarly, it【7】inferior species gradually over time.
Darwin’s theory of evolution is a slow gradual process. He wrote, "Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight【8】variations." An irreducibly complex system is composed of multiple parts, and every individual part is【9】. The common mousetrap is an common【10】example of irreducible complexity.
【10】
Good morning, everyone. Today we will discuss something about Charles Darwin’s life and his famous theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. His father, Robert Darwin, was a physician, and Charles’s mother died when he was eight years old.
At age sixteen, Darwin left Shrewsbury to study medicine at Edinburgh University. Repelled by the sight of surgery performed without anesthesia, he eventually went to Cambridge Univeristy to prepare to become a clergyman in the Church of England. After receiving his degree, Darwin accepted an invitation to serve as an unpaid naturalist on the H. M. S. Beagle, which departed on a five-year scientific expedition to the Pacific coast of South America on 31 December, 1831.
Darwin’s research resulting from this voyage formed the basis of his famous book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Published in 1859, the work aroused a storm of controversy. Here Darwin outlined his theory of evolution, challenging the con temporary beliefs about the creation of life on earth.
Darwin continued to write and publish his works on biology throughout his life. He lived with his wife and children at their home in the village of Downe, fifteen miles from London. He suffered from panic disorder, as well as from a disease contracted during his travels in South America in the rest of his life. He died on 19 April, 1882, and lies buried in Westminster Abbey.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin’s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural selection". These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation: Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism, not just a variation of the original, but an entirely different creature.
While Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview itself is as old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander assumed the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animal. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy -- a plausible mechanism called "natural selection".
Natural selection acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. Suppose a member of a species developed a functional advantage, for example, it grew wings and learned to fly. Its offspring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior or disadvantaged members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior or advantaged members of the species. Natural selection is the preservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Natural selection is the naturalistic equivalent to domestic breeding. Over the centuries, human breeders have produced dramatic changes in domestic animal populations by selecting individuals to breed. Breeders eliminate undesirable traits gradually over time. Similarly, natural selection eliminates inferior species gradually over time.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a slow gradual process. Darwin wrote, "Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight successive variations; she can never take a great and sudden leap, but must advance by short and sure, though slow steps." Thus, Darwin conceded that, "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down." Such a complex organ would be known as an "irreducibly complex system". An irreducibly complex system is one composed of multiple parts, all of which are necessary for the system to function. If even one part is missing, the entire sys tem will fail to function. Every individual part is integral. Thus, such a system could not have evolved slowly, piece by piece. The common mousetrap is an everyday nonbiological example of irreducible complexity. It is composed of five basic parts: a catch (to hold the bait), a powerful spring, a thin rod called "the hammer," a holding bar to secure the hammer in place, and a platform to mount the trap. If any one of these parts is missing, the mechanism will not work. Each individual part is integral. The mousetrap is irreducibly complex.
And we don’t need a microscope to observe irreducible complexity. The eye, the ear and the heart are all examples of irreducible complexity, though they were not recognized as such in Darwin’s day.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a theory in light of the tremendous advances we’ve made in molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics over the past fifty years. We now know that there are in fact tens of thousands of irreducibly complex systems on the cellular level. Specified complexity pervades the microscopic biological world...
选项
答案
non-biological
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/IU3YFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Peopleofcomparativelyhigherlevels.B、Peopleconsistinglargelyofuniversitystudents,postgraduates,Englishworkers.C、T
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoorcommunica-【M1】_____tionstylesappe
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoorcommunica-【M1】_____tionstylesappe
TheUnitedNationsConferenceonDrugAbusethattookplaceearlierthisyearinVienna,wasaveryproductivemeeting.Asnever
TheUnitedNationsConferenceonDrugAbusethattookplaceearlierthisyearinVienna,wasaveryproductivemeeting.Asnever
Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewY
Burnoutcomeswhentherealityoflifeislessthanourexpectations.Andithasbecomeacommonpsychologicalproblem.Schoo
Allofuswouldagreethatinordertobesuccessfulinthepresent-daysociety,weuniversitygraduateshavetopossesscertain
BeforegoldandsilverwerebroughttoEuropefromfileSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesinLatinAmericaduringthesixteenthce
随机试题
徐志摩曾于1923年与人发起成立()
异丙嗪不具备的药理作用是
税务师在进行企业所得税汇算清缴鉴证时,发现企业当年度允许扣除的职工教育经费金额为12万元,而企业实际发生并计入“管理费用——职工教育经费”的金额为18万元。对此项账务处理的说法中,税务师应()。
根据《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》的规定,治安管理处罚的种类有()。
借款人无法足额偿还本息,即使执行担保,也肯定要造成较大损失的贷款属于贷款。
8岁的小刚父母离异,协议约定小刚随父亲生活。后其父母各自再婚,小刚在奶奶家居住,由奶奶照看。此时小刚的法定监护人是()。
A、1B、16C、36D、49A圆圈中的数字从6开始,按逆时针方向依次是61、52、43、34、25、(16)。考点点拨形式上是图形形式数字推理,实质是多次方数列,题中的多次方数提示了此题的数字推理规律。
给定序列{3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17},按表中元素的顺序依次插入一棵初始为空的二叉排序树,画出插入完成后的二叉排序树,并求在等概率情况下查找成功的平均查找长度。
Psychologiststakecontrastiveviewsofhowexternalrewards,from【C1】______praisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativit
Thisisapicture.Inthe【T1】________,thereisahousebuiltintothesideofabarehill.Thehouseisactuallycutoutofthe
最新回复
(
0
)