首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains w
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains w
admin
2010-02-22
31
问题
Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains even of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain because they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to experience pain.
Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals, though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain? Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and subhuman nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulation of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals.
In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circumstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.
选项
A、an inference from their words.
B、study of their direct awareness of the pains.
C、study of their reaction to pain causing stimuli.
D、an inference from their behavior.
答案
C
解析
细节题。文章第一段提到:动物不能告诉我们它们的感受,我们可以通过研究它们怎样对使人产生痛觉的刺激物做出反应来获知这一点。由此可知"研究它们对产生疼痛的刺激物的反应"符合文意。"从其言语中推断","研究它们对疼痛的直接意识"和"从其行为中推断"均不是文章中提到的方法。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/IORRFFFM
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
【C1】________thewayitfeels,lonelinessoftenhasnothingtodowithbeingalone.Forsomepeople,feelingsof【C2】________ares
Bettingagainstanindustrywithaddictsforcustomerscarriesobviousrisks.【C1】________theseareuncertaintimesforBigTobac
Scientistshavediscoveredapowerfulantibioticinthebloodstreamofgiantpandasthatcandestroybacteria.TheChineserese
Scientistshavediscoveredapowerfulantibioticinthebloodstreamofgiantpandasthatcandestroybacteria.TheChineserese
WhydoweneedtheEnglishmajor?The【C1】________isineverymouth—or,atleast,isdiscussedextensivelyincolumnsand【C2】____
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
WhenPaulGorski,thefounderofanorganizationcalledEdChange,visitscollegesanduniversitiestoadvisethemoncampusdiv
WhenPaulGorski,thefounderofanorganizationcalledEdChange,visitscollegesanduniversitiestoadvisethemoncampusdiv
Sugarposesenoughhealthrisksthatitshouldbeconsideredacontrolledsubstancejustlikealcoholandtobacco,argueateam
随机试题
论述坚持全面发展与中国特色社会主义事业总体布局的关系。
患者产后发热3天,乍寒乍热,恶露不畅,量少,色紫黯有块,无异臭,小腹疼痛拒按。检查:体温37.8℃,血常规正常。其证型是
某厂向某校去函表示:“本厂发展X型耳机,每副单价30元,若需订购,请给我厂来函”。该校回信说:“本校愿意订购你厂生产的耳机300副,每副单价30元,但务请在耳机上附加一个音量调节器。”该校的复函属于()。
以特定的量表为工具,对个体的心理特征进行间接了解。并做出量化结论的研究方法称为【】
其实“拥有秘密”是成年的一个_______,孩子要长大成人,必然要进入一个拥有秘密的世界。这是一个_______的过程,最初,孩子并没分清哪些是秘密、不知道如何保守秘密、不懂得给秘密分级,但是他们又极为渴望拥有秘密。于是,他们的生活变得_______,好像
系统性原则要求教学要由浅入深、由易到难、由简到繁,下列不符合这一原则的是
关于犯罪的特殊主体,下列说法不正确的是()
要在报表上显示格式为“7/总10页”的页码,则计算控件的控件源应设置为______。
Mr.Younghasashopinthecentreofthetowninwhichallkindsofcarsaresold.Theseyearshehasbeenverysuccessfulinb
Thefollowingisaletter.Afterreadingit,youshouldcompletetheinformationbyfillingintheblanksmarked46through50i
最新回复
(
0
)