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  3. The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research--and the scientists’ contempt of utility-was not a long time dying. For a

The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research--and the scientists’ contempt of utility-was not a long time dying. For a

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问题      The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research--and the scientists’ contempt of utility-was not a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry prevented fundamental technological progress and in some areas restrained it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the Middle Ages-the organization of society.
     The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages itself made improvement impossible. Under this system, the labouring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their prerogatives they did achieve considerable progress in defence, in war making, in government, in trade, and in the arts of leisure, but they had no familiarity with the processes of production. On the other hand, the labourers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
     The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves made efficient machinery needless. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavour, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years.
     For about twenty-five centuries, two thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkable little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder(舵).
     With any originality at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it--but the originality wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed roof of his one room dwelling, while the medieval charcoal burner( like his Stone Age ancestor) make himself a hut of small branches.
It can be inferred from the passage that a change in class relationship after the Middle Ages led to greater productivity because______.
选项 A、freemen had incentives to produce more.
B、masters had greater incentive to make their workers harder.
C、slaves never starved, no matter what they produced.
D、productivity could go in only one direction.
答案A
解析 推理判断题。要进行反向推断。在第二段中，作者从理论上解释了社会关系阻碍科学进步的原因。第二段最后一句总结道：特权阶级有时间却没有知识和经验，而劳动阶尽管有知识和经验，却没有incentive。由此可推断出有两个原因造成生产力落后。根据逻辑推理，这种情况的产生，要么是由于特权阶级获取了知识，要么是因为劳动者拥有了动力，所以，选项A是正确答案。
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