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  3. Despite its many useful properties, the use of alcohol has produced some difficult personal and social problems. In fact, alcoho

Despite its many useful properties, the use of alcohol has produced some difficult personal and social problems. In fact, alcoho

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问题      Despite its many useful properties, the use of alcohol has produced some difficult personal and social problems. In fact, alcoholism is one of our most troublesome public health situations. It has been estimated that six of every ten adults in the United States use alcoholic beverages, and that one of every fifteen persons who drink becomes an alcoholic. What is it that impels some individuals to drink excessively to become an alcoholic?
     The term "alcoholism" is not easy to define. It is generally used to cover a whole range of individual and social problems connected with the use of alcoholic beverages. People whose drinking causes them to become enmeshed in these problems are called "alcoholics".
    Modern psychiatric opinion suggests a significant reason for the use and misuse of alcohol. Man has often used alcohol to help him cope with the problems and crises growing out of his continuing struggle to adjust to the demands of his environment. Wherever man lives he is subject to stresses from his physical and social surroundings. He must adjust to changes within himself--growing up, getting old, the effects of disease. He must adjust to changes in his living pattern--to moves from one locality to another, to job changes, to marriage, to the death of loved ones. He must adjust to his social surroundings, to other people--his family, friends, business associates, and neighbors. When he finds himself confronted with overwhelming difficulty in adjusting, he may take to drinking as a way out of his problems.
     Some scientists have tried to define the "alcoholic personality"--to discover, if possible, what characteristics are common to alcoholics. This might help to identify people who are likely to become alcoholics. So far, no accurate description of a "typical alcoholic" has emerged. The people who are studied are found to have some traits in common--e, g. , emotional immaturity, preoccupation with self, insecurity, and guilt--but whether these traits existed before they became alcoholics is not known. Moreover, it is possible for people to have any or all of these traits and still not be alcoholics. Some scientists believe that alcoholism may have a physical or biological cause--a defect in the body chemistry or some nutritional deficiency. Another theory is that the craving for alcohol is brought on by its effect on the adrenal glands, which regulate the production of chemical energy in the body.
     Studies of drinking and attitudes toward drinking in various cultures indicate that there are significant social factors involved in alcoholism. Some studies suggest that the rate of alcoholism is likely to be low in any group in which customs and attitudes toward drinking are well established.
     In summary, no conclusive evidence is yet available on the causes of alcoholism. This is a medical-social problem far too complicated for simple answers. No one area of research can be expected to yield complete information. It will take the combined efforts of physical, psychological, and social scientists to develop the knowledge necessary to deal with this problem.
Which of the following is a fact?
选项 A、Difficulty in adjusting to changes leads to alcoholism.
B、Nutritional deficiency is a major cause of alcoholism.
C、The rate of alcoholism is low in a group where customs toward drinking are fixed.
D、Man cannot be exempt from physical and social stresses.
答案D
解析 文章第三段的主旨是介绍现代精神病学对酗酒现象成因的观点，其中提到不能根据生活中的变化做出调整会导致酗酒，这是一种观点；第四段说有些科学家相信营养不良也会导致酗酒，这是一种观点；倒数第二段说有些研究表明在对饮酒的态度和风俗比较固定的群体中发生酗酒现象的比率比较低，这也是一种未有一致定论的观点；第三段说无论生活在哪里的人都会承受来自身体和社会环境的压力，因此本题选D。
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