2. 外语
  3. Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention (

Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention (

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问题     Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention (疏忽) or flawed decision-making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
    The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85% of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan p. Baker, MPH (Master of Public Health, 公共卫生硕士), professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash. "
    The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1: 2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
    The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling (熄火，失速) was more likely with females.
    The majority of the crashes — 95% for females and 88% for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics (动力学) was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81% of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48%). Male, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decisionmaking, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.
Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph?
选项 A、Crashes of general aviation aircraft is a major source of aviation accidents in the United States.
B、Male pilots, like male vehicle drivers, are more likely to have accidents than female pilots.
C、It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inexperienced pilots.
D、only mature pilots are studied to determine the gender differences in the reasons for aircraft crash.
答案D
解析 可定位在第2段和第3段。第2段第2、3句中指出：Crashes of general aviationaircraft account for 85％of all aviation deaths in the United States…The crash rate for male pilots，exceeds that of crashes of female pilots(专用航空飞行事故占所有坠机死亡人数的85％……男性飞行员的坠毁率超过了女性飞行员)，故选项A、B表述正确；第4句提到因为飞行员的年轻和缺乏经验是已经确定的造成飞行事故的原因，所以我们主要集中在成熟的飞行员身上。研究由于性别差异导致的坠机，看起来似乎与选项C、D吻合，但是，在第3段第3句中对“成熟的飞行员”又提出一个限定范围为“aged 40一63”(年龄在40岁到63岁之间)，而D项说的是所有熟练飞行员，范围扩大了，故表述不正确。
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