2. 外语
  3. A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or

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问题     A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd.【T1】Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own. They become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, and they are subject to sudden accesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. 【T2】The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.
    Unlike the masses, intellectuals have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of people who demand evidence and are shocked by logical inconsistencies and fallacies. 【T3】They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandist’s stock in trade. Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things that seem to us self-evident. 【T4】Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. 【T5】There are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or, if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. The morally squeamish intellectual may be shocked by this kind of thing. But the masses are always convinced that " right is on the side of the active aggressor."
【T4】
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答案与之相反的是，宣传鼓动我们去接受那些不应急于作出判断或应保持怀疑态度的事物，并把它们视为理所当然的东西。解析：该句理解上的难点是长句中常见的一种语法现象：宾语后置。在该句中，accept的宾语由于过长而被放置在as self-evident之后，如果把句子的语序恢复正常，理解上的难度就会降低，如：Propaganda，on the other hand，teaches us to accept matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt as self-evident。
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