首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
医学
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2021-11-29
26
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought". But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason."
Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
选项
A、Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
B、Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
C、Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
D、Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
答案
C
解析
主旨题。从整个文章脉络来看,文章第一段指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化,然而此过程或多或少会受到不同的生活环境的影响;第二段指出这个过程需要公众共同的努力;第三段具体论述了不同的人在这个过程中需要完成的工作;第四段则提出了使科学发现获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾;最后一段用Annette Baier的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知,C项统领全文,为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/0vSDFFFM
本试题收录于:
医学博士外语题库考研分类
0
医学博士外语
考研
相关试题推荐
女性,80岁。慢性咳嗽咳痰20余年,冬季加重。近5年活动后气促。1周前感冒后痰多,气促加剧。近2天嗜睡。血白细胞18.6×109/L,中性粒细胞占90%,动脉血气:pH7.29,PaCO280mmHg,PaO247mmHg,BE-3.5mmol/L。酸
一实习医生参加一阑尾切除手术,在上级医师指导下,担任手术者,上级医师任第一助手,进腹后发现阑尾已穿孔,手术困难,上级医师要转换到主刀位置。此时该生应如何转换位置
High-speedlivinghasbecomeafactoflife,andthefranticpaceistakingitstoll,accordingtosciencewriterJamesGleick.
Peoplecanbeaddictedtodifferentthings—e.g.,alcohol,drugs,certainfoods,oreventelevision.Peoplewhohavesuchanad
Englishspeakerspickuppitchintherighthemispheresoftheirbrains,butspeakersofcertainotherlanguagesperceiveiton
Long-sufferingcouplestakeheart.Thereisagoodreasonforthoseendlessargumentsinthefrontofthecar:menandwomenuse
Theaveragecommercialbusinesscanshutdowninsuchanemergencybutahospitaldoesn’tdareforlivesare______.
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassicalandmedievalworlds,whiledur
IamspeakingonbehalfofCharlesSmith,theexecutivepresidentofthecompany.
Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurgeofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,
随机试题
下列税种中属于地方政府固定收入的有()。
Atthebeginningofthissemester,ourhistoryprofessor______alistofbooksforustoread.
甲状腺功能亢进中暑
A、紫外一可见分光光度法B、薄层色谱扫描法C、气相色谱法D、高效液相色谱法E、毛细管电泳色谱法斑蝥中斑蝥素的含量测定采用()。
明细分类科目就是二级科目。()
A公司为B上市公司唯一非流通股股东,占上市公司25000万元所有者权益的40%,采用权益法核算,上市公司股本10000万股,每股1元,资本公积9000万元,留存收益6000万元,上市公司股改的对价方案如下:(1)流通股股东每持有20股流通股将获得A
金融工具一般具有的特征有()。
帮助学生降低考试焦虑的方法有()
某市警察局的统计数字显示,汽车防盗装置降低了汽车被盗的危险性。但是汽车保险业却不以为然,它们声称,装了汽车防盗装置的汽车反而比那些没有装此类装置的汽车更有可能被偷。下面哪一项如果正确,最能解释这个明显的矛盾?
Peoplereaditforsomeinformation.Peoplecantravelinitinthesky.
最新回复
(
0
)